The executive function of bilingual and monolingual children: A technical efficiency approach

Papastergiou, Athanasia; Pappas, Vasileios; Sanoudaki, Eirini

doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01658-7

Table 4 Descriptive statistics

From: The executive function of bilingual and monolingual children: A technical efficiency approach

Measure	Task	Units	Bilinguals (n = 32)			Greek monolinguals (n = 38)			F-stat	η²
Measure	Task	Units	Mean	SD	Median	Mean	SD	Median	F-stat	η²
Backward digit span (ACC)		%	0.624	0.097	0.628	0.668	0.080	0.667	4.47^**	0.062
Counting recall (ACC)		%	0.494	0.144	0.464	0.478	0.139	0.500	0.22	0.003
Colour shape (ACC)		%	0.821	0.083	0.836	0.830	0.086	0.848	0.18	0.003
Stroop (ACC)		%	0.894	0.117	0.933	0.900	0.109	0.947	0.06	0.001
ANT (ACC)		%	0.931	0.089	0.965	0.954	0.067	0.992	1.56	0.022
Backward digit span (RT)		ms	933.30	289.95	956.08	807.11	271.59	792.27	3.53	0.049
Counting recall (RT)		ms	2394.90	1215.61	2149.13	1887.87	1179.38	1523.10	3.12	0.044
Colour shape (RT)		ms	921.67	186.50	923.48	962.89	147.44	984.83	1.07	0.015
Stroop (RT)		ms	861.46	298.93	792.22	784.92	195.46	741.64	1.65	0.024
ANT (RT)		ms	912.30	255.63	865.50	861.81	189.42	866.88	0.90	0.013
Non-verbal intellectual ability	KBIT-2	%	61.75	15.35	64.13	60.93	14.35	58.70	0.05	0.001
Grammar skill	DVIQ	%	82.96	15.05	87.10	92.19	6.12	93.55	11.96^***	0.150
Expressive vocabulary skill	PWFT	%	45.56	25.97	52.00	83.05	8.28	84.00	70.84^***	0.510
Receptive vocabulary skill	Greek receptive vocabulary	%	44.20	20.74	46.24	70.46	11.75	71.68	44.16^***	0.394
Grammar skill	TROG-2	%	71.72	18.78	72.50	—	—	—	—	—
Expressive skill	CELF-4	%	57.86	20.50	56.48	—	—	—	—	—
Receptive vocabulary skill	BPVS	%	63.73	15.16	61.90	—	—	—	—	—
Age		Years	9.14	2.24	8.90	9.77	1.69	9.91	1.81	0.026
SES		%	76.56	19.31	75.00	58.55	12.79	56.25	21.76^***	0.242
Greek proficiency		%	79.69	23.07	90.00	96.32	7.86	100.00	17.39^***	0.204
English proficiency		%	92.50	10.78	100.00	48.68	28.30	55.00	68.24^***	0.501
Other proficiency		%	14.38	24.62	0.00	12.89	25.56	0.00	0.06	0.001
Greek language use		%	49.90	22.73	51.14	94.77	7.88	96.51	129.80^***	0.656
Music		Binary	0.50	0.51	0.50	0.32	0.47	0.00	2.47	0.035
Years in Greek school		Years	0.47	1.11	0.00	5.00	1.80	5.00	153.54^***	0.693
Years in supplementary school		Years	3.43	3.47	2.57	2.75	0.00	0.00	69.55^***	0.506
Total Greek education		Years	3.94	2.39	4.00	5.00	1.80	5.00	4.49^**	0.062

Notes. The table shows descriptive statistics for the executive function tasks (accuracy and response times) and other variables of the dataset. n denotes the observations, SD denotes the standard deviation. F-stat and η² correspond to the between-subjects ANOVA tests. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10% significance level, respectively

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