Abstract
After three pigeons learned two paired-associate color sequences, they were tested with the colors in each sequence reversed. These tests showed that the pigeons had formed a backward association, and that the forward association was stronger than the backward association, but not significantly so.
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References
Asch, S., & Ebenholtz, S. The principle of associative symmetry. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1962, 106, 135–163.
Bitterman, M. E. Phyletic differences in learning. Amer. Psychol., 1965, 20, 396–410.
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This study started as a Science Fair project at Martin Junior High School, Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1962. I am indebted to Norman Guttman and Slater E. Newman for advice and to Gilbert Gottlieb and my father, Clifton Gray, for guidance. I am also indebted to Ray Moore for instruction and help in circuitry design, to Connecticut College for shop facilities and laboratory space, and to my father for statistical analysis. I also appreciate the secretarial help of the North Carolina Department of Mental Health.
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Gray, L. Backward association in pigeons. Psychon Sci 4, 333–334 (1966). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03342323
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03342323