Abstract
Performers shocked for errors and nonshocked performers explored a multiple-choice bolt-head maze on a first trial. Observers were exposed to confederates who replicated the performance of performers on the first trial. On a second (test) trial, observers made fewer errors than performers and performers exposed to shock committed more errors than performers not exposed to shock.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bandura, A. Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press, 1965.
Berger, S. M. Conditioning through vicarious instigation. Psychol. Rev., 1962, 69, 450–466.
deCharms, R., & Rosenbaum, M. E. The problem of vicarious experience. In D. Willner (Ed.), Decisions, values, and groups, Vol. I. New York: Pergamon, 1960.
Hillix, W. A., & Marx, M. H. Response strengthening by information and effect on human learning. J. exp. Psychol., 1960, 60, 97–102.
Tolman, E. C., Hall, C. S., & Bretnall, E. P. A disproof of the law of effect and a substitution of the laws of emphasis, motivation, and disruption. J. exp. Psychol., 1932, 15, 601–614.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was supported by a grant (GS-228) from the National Science Foundation to the senior author.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rosenbaum, M.E., Hewitt, O.J. The effect of electric shock on learning by performers and observers. Psychon Sci 5, 81–82 (1966). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328290
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328290