Abstract
Visual inspection and categorization of facial appearances constitute the most frequent and useful technique for measuring facial activity. The techniques developed, however, have different units with varying characteristics. In this paper, I discuss categorical and scalar units for facial measurement and show the relationship of categorical units listed by different researchers.
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Thanks to Paul Ekman, Robert Levenson, Wallace V. Friesen, and anonymous reviewers for reading previous versions of this manuscript.
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Hager, J.C. A comparison of units for visually measuring facial actions. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 17, 450–468 (1985). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214448
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214448