Abstract
Some questions raised by Amsel’s valuable review of his extensive research on reward-schedule effects are considered—questions about the nature of instrumental conditioning, about the distinction between long- and short-term memory, and about evolutionary divergence in learning.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, C. D. (1980). Post-conditioning devaluation of an instrumental reinforcer has no effect on extinction performance.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,32, 447–458.
Amsel, A. (1992).Frustration theory: An analysis of dispositional learning and memory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Amsel, A. (1994). Précis ofFrustration theory: An analysis of dispositional learning and memory.Psychonomic Bulletin & Review,1, 280–296.
Bitterman, M. E. (1975). The comparative analysis of learning.Science,188, 699–709.
Bitterman, M. E. (1976). Issues in the comparative psychology of learning. In R. B. Masterton, M. E. Bitterman, C. B. G. Campbell, & N. Hotton (Eds.),Evolution of brain and behavior in vertebrates (pp. 217–225). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bitterman, M. E. (1987). Evidence of divergence in vertebrate learning.Behavioral & Brain Sciences,10, 659–660.
Bitterman, M. E., &Couvillon, P. A. (1991). Failures to find evidence of adaptive specialization in the learning of honeybees. In L. J. Goodman & R. C. Fischer (Eds.),The behaviour and physiology of bees (pp. 188–305). Wallingford, U.K.: CAB International.
Bitterman, M. E., Reed, P. C., &Kubala, A. L. (1953). The strength of sensory preconditioning.Journal of Experimental Psychology,46, 178–182.
Burns, R. A., Woodard, W. T., Henderson, T. B., &Bitterman, M. E. (1974). Simultaneous contrast in the goldfish.Animal Learning & Behavior,2, 97–100.
Couvillon, P. A. (1984). Performance of goldfish (Carassius auratus) in patterned sequences of rewarded and nonrewarded trials.Journal of Comparative Psychology,98, 333–344.
Couvillon, P. A., &Bitterman, M. E. (1981). Analysis of alternation patterning in goldfish.Animal Learning & Behavior,9, 169–172.
Couvillon, P. A., &Bitterman, M. E. (1984). The overlearningextinction effect and successive negative contrast in honeybees (Apis mellifera).Journal of Comparative Psychology,98, 100–109.
Couvillon, P. A., Brandon, S. E., Woodard, W. T., &Bitterman, M. E. (1980). Performance of pigeons in patterned sequences of rewarded and nonrewarded trials.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,2, 137–154.
Crum, J., Brown, L. W., &Bitterman, M. E. (1951). The effect of partial and delayed reinforcement on resistance to extinction.American Journal of Psychology,64, 228–237.
Daly, H. B., &Daly, J. T. (1982). A mathematical model of reward and aversive nonreward: Its application in over 30 appetitive learning situations.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,111, 441–480.
Dickinson, A. (1989). Expectancy theory in animal conditioning. In S. B. Klein & R. R. Mowrer (Eds.),Contemporary learning theories: Pavlovian conditioning and the status of traditional learning theory (pp. 278–308). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gleitman, H., Nachmias, J., &Neisser, U. (1954). The S-R reinforcement theory of extinction.Psychological Review,61, 23–33.
Gonzalez, R. C., &Bitterman, M. E. (1969). Spaced trials partial reinforcement effect as a function of contrast.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,67, 94–103.
Gonzalez, R. C., Eskin, R. M., &Bitterman, M. E. (1963). Further experiments on partial reinforcement in the fish.American Journal of Psychology,76, 366–375.
Gould, J. L., &Marler, P. (1984). Ethology and the natural history of learning. In P. Marler & H. S. Terrace (Eds.),The biology of learning (pp. 47–74). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Hull, C. L. (1943).Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century.
Hull, C. L. (1952).A behavior system. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Konorski, J. (1967).Integrative activity of the brain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Longo, N., &Bitterman, M. E. (1960). The effect of partial reinforcement with spaced practice on resistance to extinction in the fish.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,53, 169–172.
Mackintosh, N. J. (1983).Conditioning and associative learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
Maier, N. R. F., &Schneirla, T. C. (1942). Mechanisms in conditioning.Psychological Review,49, 117–134.
Morgan, C. L. (1894).An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Walter Scott.
Mowrer, O. H. (1956). Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to the concept of secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit.Psychological Review,63, 114–128.
Rescorla, R. A. (1990). Evidence for an association between the discriminative stimulus and the response-outcome association in instrumental learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,16, 326–334.
Schutz, S. L., &Bitterman, M. E. (1969). Spaced-trials partial reinforcement and resistance to extinction in the goldfish.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,68, 126–128.
Spence, K. W. (1956).Behavior theory and conditioning. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Thorndike, E. L. (1911).Animal intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan.
Tolman, E. C. (1932).Purposive behavior in animals and men. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tyler, D. W., Wortz, E. C., &Bitterman, M. E. (1953). The effect of random and alternating partial reinforcement on resistance to extinction in the rat.American Journal of Psychology,66, 57–65.
Woodard, W. T., &Bitterman, M. E. (1976). Asymptotic reversal learning in pigeons: Mechanisms for reducing inhibition.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes,2, 57–66.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bitterman, M.E. Amsel’s analysis of reward-schedule effects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1, 297–302 (1994). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213969
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213969