Abstract
The present study concerns the distinctness of the 3-D shape-induced on flat displays by spacemodulated illumination (“shape from shading”). The displays that we used varied in structure, hue contrast, lightness contrast, and in the number of reflectance edges present. The modulations of the illumination were a square-wave grating, a gradual modulation (a blurred grating), and an “O’Brien modulation,” which combines an edge and a gradient. The displays were compared, using the paired comparison method, as to the distinctness of the perceived 3-D form. The results showed that the structure and chromatic color of the display were important factors facilitating the distinctness of the induced 3-D shape under all the modulation conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the “vector model” for color constancy, proposed in earlier papers.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Adelson, E. H., &Pektland, A. P. (1990).The perception of shading and reflectance (Vision and Modeling Tech. Rep. No. 140). Cambridge, MA: MIT Media Laboratory.
Arend, L. E. (1973). Spatial differential and integral operations in human vision: Implications of stabilized retinal image fading.Psychological Review,80, 374–395.
Barrow, H. B., &Tennenbaum, J. M. (1978). Recovering intrinsic scene characteristics from images. In A. R. Hanson & E. M. Riseman (Eds.),Computer vision systems (pp. 3–26). New York: Academic Press.
Bergström, S. S. (1977). Common and relative components of reflected light as information about the illumination, colour, and threedimensional form of objects.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,18, 180–186.
Bergström, S. S. (1982). Illumination, color, and three-dimensional form. In J. Beck (Ed.),Organization and representation in perception (chap. 18, pp. 365–378). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bergström, S. S., Gustafsson, K.-A., &Putaansuu, J. (1984). Information about three-dimensional shape and direction of illumination in a square-wave grating.Perception,13, 129–140.
Cornsweet, T. N. (1970).Visual perception. New York: Academic Press.
Gerbino, W., Stultiens, C. I. F. H. J., Troost, J. M., &De Weert, C. M. M. (1990). Transparent layer constancy.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,16, 3–20.
Gilchrist, A. L., Delman, S., &Jacobsen, A. (1983). The classification and integration of edges as critical to the perception of reflectance and illumination.Perception & Psychophysics,33, 425–436.
Grossberg, S. (1987a). Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional form, color, and brightness perception: I. Monocular theory.Perception & Psychophysics,41, 87–116.
Grossberg, S. (1987b). Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional form, color, and brightness perception: II. Binocular theory.Perception & Psychophysics,41, 117–158.
Gustafsson, K.-A. (1987).Perceived three-dimensional form induced by modulated illumination (DAPS Rep. No. 21). Umeå, Sweden: University of Umeå.
Hering, E. (1964).Outlines of a theory of the light sense (L. M. Hurvich and D. Jameson, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1907)
Herschberger, W. (1970). Attached-shadow orientation perceived as depth by chickens reared in an environment illuminated from below.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,73, 407–411.
Hess, E. H. (1950). Development of the chick’s response to light and shade cues to depth.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,43, 112–122.
Hess, E. H. (1961). Shadows and depth perception.Scientific American,204, 139–148.
Howard, I. P. (1983). Occluding edges in apparent reversal of convexity and concavity.Perception,12, 85–86.
Howard, I. P., Bergström, S. S., &Ohmi, M. (1990). Shape from shading in different frames of reference.Perception,19, 523–530.
Johansson, G. (1950).Configurations in event perception. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
Johansson, G. (1964). Perception of motion and changing form.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,5, 181–208.
Krauskopf, J. (1963). Effect of retinal image stabilization on the appearance of heterochromatic targets.Journal of the Optical Society of America,53, 741–744.
Land, E. H., &McCann, J. J. (1971). Lightness and the retinex theory.Journal of the Optical Society of America,61, 1–11.
Marr, D. (1982).Vision. San Francisco: Freeman.
O’brien, V. (1958). Contour perception, illusion and reality.Journal of the Optical Society of America,48, 112–119.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1988). Perception of shape from shading.Nature,331, 163–166.
Ramachandran, V. S., &Rogers, D. (1988). Perception of shape from shading.Perception,17, 360. (11th ECVP Abstracts p. A22)
Rittenhouse, D. (1786). Explanation of an optical deception.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,2, 37–42.
Swedish Standard Institution (1979a).Colour atlas (Swedish Standard SS 01 91 02). Stockholm: Author.
Swedish Standard Institution (1979b).Colour notation system (Swedish Standard SS 01 91 00), Stockholm: Author.
Todd, J. T., &Mingolla, E. (1983). Perception of surface curvature and direction of illumination from patterns of shading.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance,9, 583–595.
Torgerson, W. S. (1958),Theory and methods of scaling. New York: Wiley.
Walraven, J. (1976). Discounting the background: The missing link in the explanation of chromatic induction.Vision Research,16, 289–295.
Yarbus, A. L. (1967).Eye movements and vision. New York: Plenum.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was financially supported by the Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences by grants to S. Bergström under contracts F 470/88 and F 627/89.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bergström, S.S., Gustafsson, KA. & Jakobsson, T. Distinctness of perceived three-dimensional form induced by modulated illumination: Effects of certain display and modulation conditions. Perception & Psychophysics 53, 648–657 (1993). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211741
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211741