Abstract
Two experiments examined the effects of several types of repetition on state-dependent memory for conceptually categorized words. In both experiments, compatibility between pharmacological states at encoding and at retrieval facilitated the uncued recall of nonrepeated categories but had no appreciable effect on the recall of words within recalled categories. In both experiments, compatibility between encoding/retrieval states failed to facilitate the uncued recall of repeated categories li.e., categories whose names and/or exemplars were presented at least twice, in a constant or variable order, and with substantial spacing between successive presentations). And again, in both experiments, the level of uncued recall was higher for repeated than for nonrepeated categories, irrespective of the compatibility or incompatibility of encoding/retrieval states. These findings, together with other relevant observations reported in the literature, suggest that repetition in general, and repetition of category names in particular, influences recall in much the same ways as does explicit cuing with category names: It enhances the accessibility of higher order units, as reflected in uncued category recall, and it diminishes to the extent to which access to these units is state dependent.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Reference Note
Keane, T., & Lisman, S. A.Multiple task disruption of alcohol state-dependent learning. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, 1976.
References
Battig, W. F., & Montague., W. E. Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms.Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph, 1969,80(Whole No. 3, Pt. 2).
Bowen, G. H. Stimulus-sampling theory of encoding variability. In A. W. Melton & E. Martin (Eds.),Coding processes in human memory. Washington, D.C: Winston, 1972.
Bruning, J. L., &Kintz, B. L.Computational handbook of statistics. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1968.
Darley, C. F., &Tinklenberg, J. R. Marijuana and memory. In L. L. Miller (Ed.),Marijuana: Effects on human behavior. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Eich, J. E. The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval.Memory & Cognition, 1980,8, 157–173.
Eich, J. E., Weingartner, H., Stillman, R. C., &Gillin, J. C. State-dependent accessibility of retrieval cues in the retention of a categorized list.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975,14, 408–417.
Galanter, M., Wyatt, R. J., Lemberger, L., Weingartner, H., Vaughan, T. B., &Roth, W. T. Effects on humans of †9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered by smoking.Science, 1972,176, 934–936.
Luys, J. B.The brain and its functions. New York: Appleton, 1882.
Macnish, R.The philosophy of sleep. New York: Appleton, 1834.
Martin, E., &Noreen, D. L. Serial learning: Identification of subjective subsequences.Cognitive Psychology, 1974,6, 421–435.
Mathews, R. C., &Tulving, E. Effects of three types of repetition on cued and noncued recall of words.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1973,12, 707–721.
Miller, L. L. Marihuana and human cognition: A review of laboratory investigations. In S. Cohen & R. C. Stillman (Eds.),The therapeutic potential of marihuana. New York: Plenum, 1976.
Miller, L. L., Cornett, T. L., Brightwell, D. R., McFarland, D. J., Drew, W. G., &Wikler, A. Marijuana: Effects on storage and retrieval of prose material.Psychopharmacology, 1977,51, 311–316.
Ribot, T. A.Diseases of memory: An essay in the positive psychology. New York: Appleton, 1882.
Smith, S. M., Glenberg, A., &Bjork, R. A. Environmental context and human memory.Memory & Cognition, 1978,6, 342–353.
Tulving, E., &Pearlstone, Z. Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1966,5, 381–391.
Tulving, E., &Psotka, J. Retroactive inhibition in free recall: Inaccessibility of information available in the memory store.Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971,87, 1–8.
Winslow, F.On obscure diseases of the brain, and disorders of the mind: Their incipient symptoms, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1860.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Preparation of this paper was facilitated by an intramural grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (via the Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology) and by an extramural grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (National Alcohol Research Center Grant AA03506). Richard Stillman was instrumental in the performance of the first experiment, Doris Margolis ably assisted in the second, and Janet Metcalfe offered a cogent critique of both.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eich, E., Birnbaum, I.M. Repetition, cuing, and state-dependent memory. Memory & Cognition 10, 103–114 (1982). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209211
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209211