Abstract
The present paper suggests that the difficulty in inducing animals to orally self-administer quantities of ethanol sufficient to produce dependence is related to the schedule of ethanol access. If the variables that control the various patterns of ethanol consumption can be identified, then the patterns of ethanol consumption leading to excessive intake and the development of dependence will be able to be identified and generated experimentally. Evidence is presented which shows that the amount of ethanol consumed per bout, the daily frequency of ethanol bouts, as well as the total amount of ethanol consumed, is a function of the frequency of ethanol access periods, feeding condition, ethanol concentration, and the temporal proximity of ethanol access periods.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altshuler, H. L. (1980). Intragastric self-administration of ethanol: A subhuman primate model of alcoholism. In K. Eriksson, J. D. Sinclair, and K. Kiianmaa (Eds.),Animal models in alcohol research (pp. 179–183). London: Academic Press.
Altshuler, H. L., &Phillips, P. E. (1978). Intragastric self-administration. In B. T. Ho, D. W. Richards, & D. L. Chite (Eds.),Drug discrimination and state-dependent learning (pp. 263–282). New York: Academic Press.
Altshuler, H., Weaver, S., &Phillips, P. (1975). Intragastric self-administration of psychoactive drugs by the rhesus monkey.Life Sciences,17, 883–890.
Amit, Z., Stern, M. H., &Wise, R. A. (1970). Alcohol preference in the laboratory rat induced by hypothalamic stimulation.Psychopharmacologia,19, 367–377.
Beach, F. A., &Jordan, L. (1956). Sexual exhaustion and recovery in the male rat.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,8, 121–133.
Bigelow, G. E., Liebson, I., Kaliszak, J., &Griffiths, R. R. (1978). Therapeutic self-medication as a context for a drug abuse research. In N. A. Krasnegor (Ed.),Self-administration of abused substances: Methods for study (pp. 44–58). NIDA Research Monograph 20. Rockville, MD: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Carroll, M. E., &Meisch, R. A. (1979). Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: Role of olfaction and auditory stimuli.Psychopharmacology,64, 1–7.
Cicero, T. J. (1979). Animal analogues of alcoholism. In E. Majchrowicz & E. P. Noble (Eds.),Biochemistry and pharmacology of ethanol (Vol. 2, pp. 533–560). New York. Plenum Press.
Collier, G., Hirsch, E., &Hamlin, P. (1972). The ecological determinants of reinforcement in the rat.Physiology & Behavior,9, 705–716.
Falk, J. L. (1961). Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule.Science,133, 195–196.
Falk, J. L. (1966a). The motivational properties of schedule-induced polydipsia.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,9, 19–25.
Falk, J. L. (1966b). Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of fixed interval length.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,9, 37–39.
Falk, J. L. (1967). Control of schedule-induced polydipsia: Type, size and spacing of meals.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,10, 199–206.
Falk, J. L., Samson, H. H., &Winger, G. (1972). Behavioral maintenance of high concentrations of blood ethanol and physical dependence in the rat.Science,177, 811–813.
Fitzsimmons, J. T., &LeMagnen, J. (1969). Eating as a regulatory control of drinking in the rat.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,67, 273–283.
Freed, E. X. (1974). Fluid selection by rats during schedule-induced polydipsia.Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol,35, 1035–1043.
Halpern, B. P. (1977). Functional autonomy of the tongue and mouth of mammals. In J. A. W. M. Weijnen & J. Mendelson (Eds.),Drinking behavior oral stimulation reinforcement and preference (pp. 1–92). New York: Plenum Press.
Kissileff, H. R. (1969). Food-associated drinking in the rat.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,67, 284–300.
LeMagnen, J. (1960). A study of some factors associated with the changes in ethyl alcohol consumption in rats.Journal de Physiologie,52, 873–884.
Lester, D. (1966). Self-selection of alcohol by animals, human variation, and the etiology of alcoholism: A critical review.Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol,27, 395–438.
Lester, D., &Freed, E. X. (1973). Criteria for an animal model of alcoholism.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,1, 103–107.
MacDonall, J. S., &Marcucella, H. (1979). Increasing the reinforcing effectiveness of ethanol.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,10, 211–216.
Marcucella, H., MacDonall, J. S., &Munro, I. (1981). Ethanol consumption as a function of limited availability, ethanol concentration and food deprivation.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,5(1), 35.
Marcucella, H., Munro, I., &MacDonall, J. S. (1984). Patterns of ethanol consumption as a function of the schedule of ethanol availability.Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics,230, 658–664.
Mardones, J. (1960). Experimentally induced changes in the free selection of ethanol.International Review of Neurobiology,2, 41–76.
Marwine, A., &Collier, G. (1979). The rat at the waterhole.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,93, 391–402.
McMillan, D. E., &Leander, J. D. (1978). Food, water and ethanol consumption by rats under a fixed interval schedule of food presentation.Drug & Alcohol Dependence,3, 227–234.
Meisch, R. A. (1977). Ethanol self-administration: Infrahuman studies. In T. Thompson & P. B. Dews (Eds.),Advances in behavioral pharmacology (pp. 35–84). New York: Academic Press.
Mello, N. K. (1973). A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,1, 89–101.
Mello, N. K., &Mendelson, J. H. (1978). Marihuana, alcohol and polydrug use: Human self-administration studies. In M. Krasnegor (Ed.),Self-administration of abused substances: Methods for study (pp. 93–127). NIDA Research Monograph 20. Rockville, MD: Supt. of Docs., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Myers, R. D., &Veale, W. L. (1972). The determinants of alcohol preference in animals. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.),The biology of alcoholism: Vol 2. Physiology and behavior (pp. 131–168). New York: Plenum Press.
Normile, H. J., &Barraco, R. A. (1984). Relation between food and water intake in the pigeon.Journal of Comparative Psychology,98, 76–90.
Pinel, J. P. J., &Huang, E. (1976). Effects of periodic withdrawal on ethanol and saccharin selection in rats.Physiology & Behavior,16, 693–698.
Premack, D. (1962). Reversibility of the reinforcement relation.Science,16, 255–257.
Premack, D., &Bahwell, R. (1959). Operant lever pressing by a monkey as a function of interest level.Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,2, 127–131.
Richter, C. P., &Campbell, K. (1940). Alcohol taste thresholds and concentration of solutions preferred by rats.Science,91, 507.
Samson, H. H., &Falk, J. H. (1975). Pattern of daily blood ethanol elevation and the development of physical dependence.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,3, 1119–1123.
Sechzer, P. H. (1971). Studies in pain with the analgesis demand system.Anesthesia & Analgesia,50, 1–10.
Sinclair, J. D., &Bender, D. O. (1979). Limited increases in alcohol intake by rats produced by infrequent periodic access.Journal of Studies on Alcohol,40, 729–731.
Sinclair, J. D., &Senter, R. J. (1967). Increased preference for ethanol in rats following alcohol deprivation.Psychonomic Science,8, 11–12.
Sinclair, J. D., &Senter, R. J. (1968). Development of an alcohol deprivation effect in rats.Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol,28, 863–867.
Sloane, J. R., &Latane, B. (1974). Social deprivation and stimulus satiation in the albino rat.Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology,87, 1148–1156.
Tagliaferro, A. R., &Levitskv, D. A. (1982). Overcompensation of food intake following brief periods of food restriction.Physiology & Behavior,29, 747–750.
Tang, M., &Falk, J. L. (1977). Ethanol dependence as a determinant of fluid preference.Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior,7, 471–474.
Veale, W. L., &Myers, R. D. (1969). Increased alcohol preference in rats following repeated exposures to alcohol.Psychopharmacologia,15, 361–372.
Wallgren, H., &Barry, H. (1970).Actions of alcohol: Vol 2. Chronic and clinical aspects. New York: Elsevier.
Wayner, M. J., &Greenberg, I. (1972). Effects of hypothalamic stimulation, acclimation, and periodic withdrawal on ethanol consumption.Physiology & Behavior,9, 737–740.
Wayner, M. J., Greenberg, I., Carey, R. J., &Nolley, D. (1971). Ethanol drinking elicited during electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.Physiology & Behavior,7, 793–795.
Wayner, M. J., Greenberg, I., Tartaglione, R., Nolley, D., Fraley, S., &Cott, A. (1972). A new factor affecting the consumption of ethyl alcohol and other sapid fluids.Physiology & Behavior,8, 345–362.
Weijnen, A. W. M., &Mendelson, J. (Eds.) (1978).Drinking behavior: Oral stimulation, reinforcement, and preference. New York: Plenum.
Winstead, D. K., Anderson, A., Eilers, M. K., Blackwell, B., &Zaremba, A. L. (1974). Diazepam on demand.Archives of General Psychiatry,30, 349–351.
Winstead, D. K., Parker, M., &Willi, F. J. P. (1977). Propoxyphene on demand.Archives of General Psychiatry,34, 1463–1468.
Wise, R. A. (1973). Voluntary ethanol intake in rats following exposure to ethanol on various schedules.Psychopharmacologia,29, 203–210.
Yanagita, T. (1976). Some methodological problems in assessing dependence-producing properties of drugs in animals.Pharmacological Review,27, 503–509.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Much of the work reported here was supported by the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marcucella, H. Predicting the amount of ethanol consumed per bout from schedule of access to ethanol. Animal Learning & Behavior 17, 101–112 (1989). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205217
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205217