Abstract
Previous research has shown that the production of morphologically complex words in isolation is affected by the properties of morphologically, phonologically, or semantically similar words stored in the mental lexicon. We report five experiments with Dutch speakers that show that reading an inflectional word form in its linguistic context is also affected by analogical sets of formally similar words. Using the self-paced reading technique, we show in Experiments 1–3 that an incorrectly spelled suffix delays readers less if the incorrect spelling is in line with the spelling of verbal suffixes in other inflectional forms of the same verb. In Experiments 4 and 5, our use of the self-paced reading technique shows that formally similar words with different stems affect the reading of incorrect suffixal allomorphs on a given stem. These intra- and interparadigmatic effects in reading may be due to online processes or to the storage of incorrect forms resulting from analogical effects in production. We thank Harald Baayen, Dominiek Sandra, and Rob Schreuder for their comments on earlier versions of this article. Correspondence relating to this article may be sent to M. Ernestus, Max Planck Institute for
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Alegre, M., &Gordon, P. (1999). Frequency effects and the representational status of regular inflections.Journal of Memory & Language,40, 41–61.
Baayen, R. H., Dijkstra, T., &Schreuder, R. (1997). Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model.Journal of Memory & Language,37, 94–117.
Baayen, R. H., McQueen, J., Dijkstra, T., &Schreuder, R. (2003). Frequency effects in regular inflectional morphology: Revisiting Dutch plurals. In R. H. Baayen & R. Schreuder (Eds.),Morphological structure in language processing (pp. 355–390). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., &Gulikers, L. (1995).The CELEX lexical database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Linguistic Data Consortium.
Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R., &Stone, C. J. (1984).Classification and regression trees. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth International Group.
Bybee, J. (2000). The phonology of the lexicon: Evidence from lexical diffusion. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.),Usage-based models of language (pp. 65–85). Stanford: CSLI.
Ernestus, M., &Baayen, R. H. (2001). Choosing between the Dutch past-tense suffixes -te and -de. In T. van der Wouden & H. de Hoop (Eds.),Linguistics in the Netherlands 2001 (pp. 81–93). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Ernestus, M., &Baayen, R. H. (2003). Predicting the unpredictable: Interpreting neutralized segments in Dutch.Language,79, 5–38.
Ernestus, M., &Baayen, [R.] H. (2004). Analogical effects in regular past tense production in Dutch.Linguistics,42, 873–903.
Frisson, S., &Sandra, D. (2002). Homophonic forms of regularly inflected verbs have their own orthographic representations: A developmental perspective on spelling errors.Brain & Language,81, 545–554.
Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., &Woolley, J. D. (1982). Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,111, 228–238.
Krott, A. (2001).Analogy in morphology: The selection of linking elements in Dutch compounds. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
Krott, A., Baayen, R. H., &Schreuder, R. (2001). Analogy in morphology: Modeling the choice of linking morphemes in Dutch.Linguistics,39, 51–93.
Pisoni, D. B., Nusbaum, H. C., Luce, P. A., &Slowiaczek, L. M. (1985). Speech perception, word recognition and the structure of the lexicon.Speech Communication,4, 75–95.
Sandra, D., Frisson, S., &Daems, F. (1999). Why simple verb forms can be so difficult to spell: The influence of homophone frequency and distance in Dutch.Brain & Language,68, 277–283.
Schreuder, R., &Baayen, R. H. (1997). How complex simple words can be.Journal of Memory & Language,37, 118–139.
Skousen, R. (1989).Analogical modeling of language. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Stemberger, J. P., &MacWhinney, B. (1986). Frequency and the lexical storage of regularly inflected forms.Memory & Cognition,14, 17–26.
Stemberger, J. P., &MacWhinney, B. (1988). Are lexical forms stored in the lexicon? In M. Hammond & M. Noonan (Eds.),Theoretical morphology: Approaches in modern linguistics (pp. 101–116). London: Academic Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ernestus, M., Mak, W.M. Analogical effects in reading Dutch verb forms. Memory & Cognition 33, 1160–1173 (2005). https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193220
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193220