Abstract
The design and fabrication of a single photon detector based on InP/InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in Geiger mode at a telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm are discussed. The SPAD design, the method for obtaining InP/InGaAs/InP heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy, fabrication of SPAD chips using planar technology, and specific features of selective zinc doping of \(p\)-regions in the InP layer of the developed electronic circuits for measuring main SPAD parameters are described. Preliminary results of measurements of the parameters of the fabricated SPADs are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
W. K. Wooters and W. H. Zurek, ‘‘A single quantum cannot be cloned,’’ Nature. 299, 802–803 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1038/299802a0
N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, ‘‘Quantum cryptography,’’ Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–175 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.74.145
I. I. Ryabtsev, I. I. Beterov, D. B. Tretyakov, V. M. Entin, V. L. Kurochkin, A. V. Zverev, and I. G. Neizvestny, ‘‘Experimental quantum information with single atoms and photons,’’ Herald Russ. Acad. Sci. 83, 336–344 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331613040047
I. I. Ryabtsev, D. B. Tretyakov, A. V. Kolyako, A. S. Pleshkov, V. M. Entin, I. G. Neizvestny, A. V. Latyshev, and A. L. Aseev, ‘‘Element base of quantum informatics II: Qunatum communications with single photons, Russ. Microelectron. 46, 121–130 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063739717020093
ID Quantique (IDQ), 2021. http://www.idquantique.com. Cited August 4, 2021.
G. N. Gol’tsman, O. Okunev, G. Chulkova, A. Lipatov, A. Semenov, K. Smirnov, B. Voronov, A. Dzardanov, C. Williams, and R. Sobolewski, ‘‘Picosecond superconducting single-photon optical detector,’’ Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 705–707 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1388868
WOORIRO Co., Ltd. http://www.wooriro.com. Cited August 4, 2021.
Y. Liu, S. R. Forrest, J. Hladky, M. J. Lange, G. H. Olsen, and D. E. Ackey, ‘‘A planar InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiode with floating guard ring and double diffused junction,’’ J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 182–193 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.120573
S. Pellegrini, ‘‘InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes,’’ PhD Thesis (Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh, 2005).
M. A. Itzler, X. Jiang, M. Entwistle, K. Slomkowski, A. Tosi, F. Acerbi, F. Zappa, and S. Cova, ‘‘Advances in InGaAsP-based avalanche diode single photon detectors,’’ J. Mod. Opt. 58, 174–200 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2010.547262
J. Ma, B. Bai, L.-J. Wang, C.-Z. Tong, G. Jin, J. Zhang, and J.-W. Pan, ‘‘Design considerations of high-performance InP/InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes for quantum key distribution,’’ Appl. Opt. 55, 7497–7502 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.007497
L. C. Comandar, B. Frohlich, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, M. Lucamarini, Z. L. Yuan, R. V. Penty, and A. J. Shields, ‘‘Gigahertz-gated InGaAs/InP single-photon detector with detection efficiency exceeding 55\(\%\) at 1550 nm,’’ J. Appl. Phys. 117, 083109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4913527
F. Acerbi, M. Anti, A. Tosi, and F. Zappa, ‘‘Design criteria for InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode,’’ IEEE Photon. J. 5, 6800209 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2013.2258664
K. Lee and K. Yang, ‘‘Analysis of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes with the multiplication width variation,’’ IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 26, 999–1002 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2014.2312022
M. A. Putyato, Yu. B. Bolkhovityanov, S. I. Chikichev, D. F. Feklin, A. M. Gilinsky, A. K. Gutakovskii, V. V. Preobrazhenskii, M. A. Revenko, B. R. Semyagin, and K. D. Chtcherbatchev, ‘‘InP decomposition phosphorus beam source for MBE: Design, properties and superlattice growth,’’ Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18, 417–422 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/18/6/304
M. A. Putyato, V. V. Preobrazhenskii, B. R. Semyagin, Yu. B. Bolkhovityanov, A. M. Gilinsky, A. K. Gutakovsky, M. A. Revenko, O. P. Pchelyakov, and D. F. Feklin, ‘‘InGaAsP/InGaP superlattices by conventional MBE with molten metal solution phosphorus source,’’ J. Cryst. Growth. 247, 23–27 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0248(02)01909-7
V. V. Preobrazhenskii, M. A. Putyato, and B. R. Semyagin, ‘‘Measurements of parameters of the low-temperature molecular-beam epitaxy of GaAs,’’ Semiconductors 36, 837–840 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1500455
M. O. Petrushkov, M. A. Putyato, E. A. Emelyanov, V. V. Preobrazhenskij, B. R. Semyagin, D. F. Feklin, and A. A. Vasev, ‘‘Method of zinc doping substrates or layers of indium phosphide,’’ RF Patent No. 2686523, Byull. Izobret., No. 13 (2019).
M. O. Petrushkov, M. A. Putyato, I. B. Chistokhin, B. R. Semyagin, E. A. Emel’yanov, M. Yu. Esin, T. A. Gavrilova, A. V. Vasev, and V. V. Preobrazhenskii, ‘‘Zinc diffusion into InP via a narrow gap from a planar Zn\({}_{3}\)P\({}_{2}\)-based source, Tech. Phys. Lett. 44, 612–614 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785018070258
Funding
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project no. 075-15-2020-797 (13.1902.21.0024).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Translated by O. Pismenov
About this article
Cite this article
Preobrazhenskii, V.V., Chistokhin, I.B., Putyato, M.A. et al. Single Photon Detectors Based on InP/InGaAs/InP Avalanche Photodiodes. Optoelectron.Instrument.Proc. 57, 485–493 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3103/S8756699021050125
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S8756699021050125