Skip to main content
Log in

Strong approximation of multidimensional ℙ-ℙ plots processes by Gaussian processes with applications to statistical tests

  • Published:
Mathematical Methods of Statistics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present paper is mainly concerned with the strong approximation of ℙ-ℙ plot processes in ℝd by sequences of Gaussian processes. In order to evaluate the limiting laws, a general notion of bootstrapped multidimensional ℙ-ℙ plots processes, constructed by exchangeably weighting sample, is presented and investigated. The applications discussed here are change-point detection in multivariate copula models and the law of iterated logarithm. Finally, we extend our framework to the K-sample problem and apply our results to derive the limiting laws of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-von Mises statistics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. R. J. Adler, An Introduction to Continuity, Extrema, and Related Topics for General Gaussian Processes, in Inst. Math. Statist. Lecture Notes—Monograph Series, Vol. 12. (Inst. Math. Statist., Hayward, CA, 1990).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. R. J. Adler and J. E Taylor, Random Fields and Geometry, in Springer Monographs in Math. (Springer, New York, 2007).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. D. J. Aldous, “Exchangeability and Related Topics”, in Lecture Notes in Math., Vol. 1117: École d’été de probabilités de Saint-Flour, XIII—1983 (Springer, Berlin, 1985), pp. 1–198.

    Google Scholar 

  4. E.-E. A. A. Aly, “Quantile-Quantile Plots under Random Censorship”, J. Statist. Plann. Inference 15(1), 123–128 (1986a).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. E.-E. A. A. Aly, “Strong Approximations of the Q-Q Process”, J. Multivar. Anal. 20(1), 114–128 (1986b).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. J. Antoch and M. Hušková, “Change-Point Problem and Bootstrap”, J. Nonparam. Statist. 5(2), 123–144 (1995).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. S. Alvarez-Andrade and S. Bouzebda, “Strong Approximations for Weighted Bootstrap of Empirical and Quantile Processes with Applications”, Statist. Methodol. 11, 36–52 (2013).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Alvarez-Andrade and S. Bouzebda, “Some Nonparametric Tests for Change-Point Detection Based on the P-P and Q-Q Plot Processes”, Sequential Anal. 33(3), 360–399 (2014).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. R. Bahadur, “A Note on Quantiles in Large Samples”, Ann. Math. Statist. 37, 577–580 (1966).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. P. Barbe and P. Bertail, The Weighted Bootstrap, in Lecture Notes in Statist., Vol. 98 (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Beirlant and P. Deheuvels, “On the Approximation of P-P and Q-Q Plot Processes by Brownian Bridges”, Statist. Probab. Lett. 9(3), 241–251 (1990).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Billingsley, Convergence of Probability Measures (Wiley, New York, 1968).

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. I. S. Borisov, “Approximation of Empirical Fields that are Constructed from Vector Observations with Dependent Coordinates”, Sibirsk. Mat. Zh. 23(5), 31–41, 222 (1982).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Bouzebda, “Strong Approximation of the Smoothed Q-Q Processes”, Far East J. Theor. Statist. 31(2), 169–191 (2010).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. S. Bouzebda, “Some New Multivariate Tests of Independence”, Math. Methods Statist. 20(3), 192–205 (2011).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Bouzebda, “On the Strong Approximation of Bootstrapped Empirical Copula Processes with Applications”, Math. Methods Statist. 21(3), 153–188 (2012).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Bouzebda, “Asymptotic Properties of Pseudo Maximum Likelihood Estimators and Test in Semi-Parametric Copula Models with Multiple Change Points”, Math. Methods Statist. 23(1), 38–65 (2014).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. S. Bouzebda and N. Limnios, “On General Bootstrap of Empirical Estimator of a Semi-Markov Kernel with Applications”, J. Multivar. Anal. 116, 52–62 (2013b).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. S. Bouzebda and M. Cherfi, “Test of Symmetry Based on Copula Function”, J. Statist. Plann. Inference 142(5), 1262–1271 (2012).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Bouzebda and N.-E. El Faouzi, “New Two-Sample Tests Based on the Integrated Empirical Copula Processes”, Statistics 46(3), 313–324 (2012).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Bouzebda and A. Keziou, “A Semiparametric Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test for the Change Point in Copula Models”, Statist. Methodol. 14, 39–61 (2013).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Bouzebda and T. Zari, “Asymptotic Behavior of Weighted Multivariate Cramér-von Mises-Type Statistics under Contiguous Alternatives”, Math. Methods Statist. 22(3), 226–252 (2013a).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Bouzebda and T. Zari, “Strong Approximation of Empirical Copula Processes by Gaussian Processes”, Statistics 47(5), 1047–1063 (2013b).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. S. Bouzebda, A. Keziou, and T. Zari, “K-Sample Problem Using Strong Approximations of Empirical Copula Processes”, Math. Methods Statist. 20(1), 14–29 (2011a).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. S. Bouzebda, N.-E. El Faouzi, and T. Zari, “On the Multivariate Two-Sample Problem Using Strong Approximations of Empirical Copula Processes”, Comm. Statist. Theory Methods 40(8), 1490–1509 (2011b).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. J. V. Braun and H.-G. Müller, “Statistical Methods for DNA Sequence Segmentation”, Statist. Sci. 13(2), 142–162 (1998).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. A. Bücher and H. Dette, “A Note on Bootstrap Approximations for the Empirical Copula Process”, Statist. Probab. Lett. 80(23–24), 1925–1932 (2010).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Bücher and M. Ruppert, “Consistent Testing for a Constant Copula under Strong Mixing Based on the Tapered Block Multiplier Technique”, J. Multivar. Anal. 116, 208–229 (2013).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Bücher and S. Volgushev, “Empirical and Sequential Empirical Copula Processes under Serial Dependence”, J. Multivar. Anal. 119, 61–70 (2013).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. M. D. Burke, “On the Asymptotic Power of Some k-Sample Statistics Based on the Multivariate Empirical Process”, J. Multivar. Anal. 9(2), 183–205 (1979).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Cheng and J. Z. Huang, “Bootstrap Consistency for General Semiparametric M-Estimation”, Ann. Statist. 38(5), 2884–2915 (2010).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. K.-L. Chung, “An Estimate Concerning the Kolmogoroff Limit Distribution”, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 67, 36–50 (1949).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  33. M. Csörgő and L. Horváth, “Nonparametric Tests for the Change-Point Problem”, J. Statist. Plann. Inference 17(1), 1–9 (1987).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Csörgő and L. Horváth, “Invariance Principles for Change-Point Problems”, J. Multivar. Anal. 27(1), 151–168 (1988a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. M. Csörgő and L. Horváth, “A Note on Strong Approximations of Multivariate Empirical Processes”, Stochastic Process. Appl. 28(1), 101–109 (1988b).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  36. M. Csörgő and L. Horváth, Weighted Approximations in Probability and Statistics, in Wiley Series in Probab. and Math. Statist. (Wiley, Chichester, 1993).

    Google Scholar 

  37. M. Csörgő and L. Horváth, Limit Theorems in Change-Point Analysis, in Wiley Series in Probab. and Statist. (Wiley, Chichester, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  38. S. Csörgő and P. Hall, “The Komlós-Major-Tusnády Approximations and Their Applications”, Austral. J. Statist. 26(2), 189–218 (1984).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Csörgő and P. Révész, “A Strong Approximation of the Multivariate Empirical Process”, Studia Sci. Math. Hungar. 10(3–4), 427–434 (1975).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Csörgő and P. Révész, Strong Approximations in Probability and Statistics, in Probab. and Math. Statist. (Academic Press, New York, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  41. A. DasGupta, Asymptotic Theory of Statistics and Probability, in Springer Texts in Statist. (Springer, New York, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. Deheuvels, “A Multivariate Bahadur-Kiefer Representation for the Empirical Copula Process”, Zap. Nauchn. Sem. S.-Peterburg. Otdel. Mat. Inst. Steklov. POMI) 364 (Veroyatnost i Statistika. 14.2), 120–147, 237 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  43. P. Deheuvels and J. H. J. Einmahl, “Approximations and Two-Sample Tests Based on P-P and Q-Q Plots of the Kaplan-Meier Estimators of Lifetime Distributions”, J. Multivar. Anal. 43(2), 200–217 (1992).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. S. S. Dhar, P. Chaudhuri, and B. Chakraborty, “Comparison of Multivariate Distributions Using Quantile- Quantile Plots and Related Tests”, Bernoulli 20(3), 1484–1506 (2014).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Doksum, “Empirical Probability Plots and Statistical Inference for Nonlinear Models in the Two-Sample Case”, Ann. Statist. 2, 267–277 (1974).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  46. K. A. Doksum and G. L. Sievers, “Plotting with Confidence: Graphical Comparisons of Two Populations”, Biometrika 63(3), 421–434 (1976).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Dvoretzky, J. Kiefer, and J. Wolfowitz, “Asymptotic Minimax Character of the Sample Distribution Function and of the Classical Multinomial Estimator”, Ann.Math. Statist. 27, 642–669 (1956).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. D. Ferger, “On the Power of Nonparametric Change-Point-Tests”, Metrika 41(5), 277–292 (1994).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  49. J.-D. Fermanian, D. Radulović, and M. Wegkamp, “Weak Convergence of Empirical Copula Processes”, Bernoulli 10(5), 847–860 (2004).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  50. J. P. Fine, J. Yan, and M. R. Kosorok, “Temporal Process Regression”, Biometrika 91(3), 683–703 (2004).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  51. N. I. Fisher, “Graphical Methods in Nonparametric Statistics: A Review and Annotated Bibliography”, Internat. Statist. Rev. 51(1), 25–58 (1983).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  52. Y.-X. Fu and R. N. Curnow, “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Multiple Change Points”, Biometrika 77(3), 563–573 (1990).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Gnanadesikan, Methods for Statistical Data Analysis of Multivariate Observations, in Wiley Publ. in Appl. Statist. (Wiley, New York-London-Sydney, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  54. E. Gombay and L. Horváth, “Change-Points and Bootstrap”, Environmetrics 6(6), 725–736 (1999).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. E. Gombay and L. Horváth, “Rates of Convergence for U-Statistic Processes and Their Bootstrapped Versions”, J. Statist. Plann. Inference 102(2), 247–272 (2002), Silver jubilee issue.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Holmes, I. Kojadinovic, and J.-F. Quessy, “Nonparametric Tests for Change-Point Detection à la Gombay and Horváth”, J. Multivar. Anal. 115, 16–32 (2013).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  57. L. Horváth and M. Hušková, “Testing for Changes Using Permutations of U-Statistics”, J. Statist. Plann. Inference 128(2), 351–371 (2005).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  58. L. Horváth and Q.-M. Shao, “Limit Theorems for Permutations of Empirical Processes with Applications to Change Point Analysis”, Stochastic Process. Appl. 117(12), 1870–1888 (2007).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Jordan and B.G. Ivanoff, “One-Dimensional P-P Plots and Precedence Tests for Point Processes on ℝd”, Math. Methods Statist. 18(2), 134–158 (2009).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Jordan and B. G. Ivanoff, “Multidimensional P-P Plots and Precedence Tests for Point Processes on ℝd”, J. Multivar. Anal. 115, 122–137 (2013).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  61. O. Kallenberg, Foundations of Modern Probability, in Probab. and Its Appl., 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  62. J. Kiefer, “K-Sample Analogues of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Cramér-V. Mises Tests. Ann. Math. Statist. 30, 420–447 (1959).

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  63. J. Kiefer, “Deviations Between the Sample Quantile Process and the Sample df”, in Nonparametric Techniques in Statistical Inference (Proc. Sympos., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, Ind., 1969) (Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1970), pp. 299–319.

    Google Scholar 

  64. M. R. Kosorok, Introduction to Empirical Processes and Semiparametric Inference, in Springer Series in Statist. (Springer, New York, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  65. D. Y. Lin, T. R. Fleming, and L. J. Wei, “Confidence Bands for Survival Curves under the Proportional Hazards Model”, Biometrika 81(1), 73–81 (1994).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  66. D. M. Mason and M. A. Newton, “A Rank Statistics Approach to the Consistency of a General Bootstrap”, Ann. Statist. 20(3), 1611–1624 (1992).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  67. P. Massart, “Strong Approximation for Multivariate Empirical and Related Processes, via KMT Constructions”, Ann. Probab. 17(1), 266–291 (1989).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  68. M. Orasch, “Using U-Statistics Based Processes to Detect Multiple Change-Points”, in Fields Inst. Commun., Vol. 44: Asymptotic Methods in Stochastics (Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2004), pp. 315–334.

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. Pauly, “Consistency of the Subsample Bootstrap Empirical Process”, Statistics 46(5), 621–626 (2012).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  70. V. I. Piterbarg,Asymptotic Methods in the Theory of Gaussian Processes and Fields, in Transls of Math. Monographs (Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1996), Vol. 148.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. Prætgaard and J. A. Wellner, “Exchangeably Weighted Bootstraps of the General Empirical Process”, Ann. Probab. 21(4), 2053–2086 (1993).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  72. B. Rémillard and O. Scaillet, “Testing for Equality between Two Copulas”, J. Multivar. Anal. 100(3), 377–386 (2009).

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  73. G. Sawitzki, Diagnostic Plots for One-Dimensional Data (Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1994), pp. 237–257.

    Google Scholar 

  74. O. Scaillet, “A Kolmogorov-Smirnov Type Test for Positive Quadrant Dependence”, Canad. J. Statist. 33(3), 415–427 (2005).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  75. G. R. Shorack and J. A. Wellner, Empirical Processes with Applications to Statistics, in Wiley Series in Probab. and Math. Statist. (Wiley, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  76. F.-W. Scholz and M. A. Stephens, “k-Sample Anderson-Darling Tests”, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 82(399), 918–924 (1987).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  77. A. Sklar, “Fonctions de répartition à n dimensions et leurs marges”, Publ. Inst. Statist. Univ. Paris 8, 229–231 (1959).

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  78. W. Stute, “The Oscillation Behavior of Empirical Processes: The Multivariate Case”, Ann. Probab. 12(2), 361–379 (1984).

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  79. H. Tsukahara, Empirical Copulas and Some Applications, Research Report 27 (The Institute for Economic Studies, Seijo University, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  80. A.W. van der Vaart and J. A. Wellner,Weak Convergence and Empirical Processes. With Applications to Statistics, in Springer Series in Statist. (Springer, New York, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. A. Wellner and Y. Zhan, Bootstrapping Z-Estimators, Techn. Report 308, July 1996, 92, (1996).

  82. M. B. Wilk and R. Gnanadesikan, “Probability Plotting Methods for the Analysis of Data”, Biometrika 55(1), 1–17 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Bouzebda.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bouzebda, S., Zari, T. Strong approximation of multidimensional ℙ-ℙ plots processes by Gaussian processes with applications to statistical tests. Math. Meth. Stat. 23, 210–238 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1066530714030041

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1066530714030041

Keywords

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification

Navigation