Abstract
We provide the first description of development for a species belonging to Odontophrynus genus by describing all external changes of embryonic and larval stages for Odontophrynus cordobae. External morphological changes through development were analyzed on specimens bred in captivity. Embryonic and larval development, from fertilization to metamorphosis, was completed in 62 days and 46 stages were defined. We split the staging series into ten developmental groups: fertilization (stages 1 and 2); segmentation (stages 3–9); gastrulation (stages 10–12); neurulation (stages 13–16); elongation (stages 17–19); external gill larva (stages 20–24); internal gill larva (stage 25); pre-metamorphosis (stages 26–41); pro-metamorphosis (stage 42); metamorphic climax (stages 43–46). Marked increases in total length were evidenced during elongation and during stage 25, when the tadpole begins to feed. Stage 25 was the longest one (8 days) and it was related to organs rearrangement, morphological progression and body mass increment typical of free life larval form. Similar studies on related species are needed to compare different developmental stages at different taxonomic levels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alay H.F. 1959. Embriogénesis de Pleurodema bibroni Tschudi (Amphibia: Salientia). Tesis Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Chile, Santiago.
Altig R. & McDiarmid R.W. 1999. Body plan. Development and morphology, pp. 24–51. In: McDiarmid R.W. & Altig R. (eds), Tadpoles: the Biology of Anuran Larvae, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN-10 0226557626
Amaro R.C., Pavan D. & Trefaut Rodrigues M. 2009. On the generic identity of Odontophrynus moratoi Jim and Carmaschi 1980 (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 2071: 61–68.
Barrio A. 1964. Caracteres etoecológicos diferenciales entre Odontophrynus americanus (Duméril et Bibron) y O. occidentalis (Berg) (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Physis 24(68): 385–390.
Brachet J. 1977. An old enigma: The gray crescent of amphibian eggs, pp. 133–139. In: Moscona A.A. & Monroy A. (eds), Pattern Development, Vol. 11, Academic Press, New York, 222 pp.
Brandão R.A. & Batista C.G. 2000. Descrição do Girino de Odontophrynus salvatori (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 89: 165–170.
Caramaschi U. 1979. O girino de Odontophrynus carvalhoi Savage and Cei 1965 (Amphibia, Anura, Ceratophrydidae). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39(1): 169–171.
Cei J.M. 1980. Amphibians of Argentina. Monitore Zoologico Italiano Nuova Serie, Monografía 2: 1–609.
Cei J.M. 1987. Additional notes to Amphibians of Argentina: an update, 1980–1986. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Nuova Serie, Supplemento, Firenze 21: 209–272.
Cei J.M. & Crespo E.G. 1982. Differences in larval morphology of allopatric isolated populations of the Odontophrynus occidentalis group from western Argentina. Arquivos do Museu Bocage A1(14): 335–340.
Cei J.M., Ruiz I.R.G. & Beçak W. 1982. Odontophrynus barrioi, a new species of Anuran from Argentina. J. Herpetol. 16: 97–102. DOI: 10.2307/1563800
Del Conte E. & Sirlin J.L. 1951. Serie tipo de los primeros estadios embrionarios en Bufo arenarum. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 12: 495–499.
Di Tada I.E., Barla M.J., Martori R.A. & Cei J.M. 1984. Odontophrynus achalensis una nueva especie de anfibio de la Pampa de Achala (Córdoba, Argentina). Historia Natural (Corrientes) 4(17): 149–155.
Dmitriew C. & Rowe L. 2005. Resource limitation, predation risk and compensatory growth in a damselfly. Oecologia 142(1): 150–154.
Duellman W.E. & Trueb L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. Mc-Graw Hill Book Co, New York, 670 pp.
Dünker N., Wake M.H. & Olson W.M. 2000. Embryonic and larval development in the caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia, Gymnophiona): A staging table. J. Morphol. 243(1): 3–34.
Fernández K. & Fernández M. 1921. Sobre la biología y reproducción de algunos batracios argentinos. I. Cystignathidae. Ann. Soc. Cient. Arg. 91: 97–140.
Gallardo J.M. 1963. Observaciones biológicas sobre Odontophrynus americanus (D. et B.) 1841. Ciencia e Invest. 19(6): 177–186.
Gosner K.L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16: 183–190.
Grenat P.R., Zavala Gallo L.M., Salas N.E. & Martino A.L. 2009. The tadpole of Odontophrynus cordobae Martino and Sinsch 2002 (Anura, Cycloramphidae) from Central Argentina. Zootaxa 2151: 66–68.
Hentschel B.T. 1999. Complex life cycles in a variable environment: predicting when the timing of metamorphosis shifts from resource dependent to developmentally fixed. Am. Natur. 154: 549–558. DOI: 10.1086/303263
Iwasawa H. & Futagami J. 1992. Normal stages of development of a tree frog, Hyla japonica Günther. Jpn. J. Herpetol. 14: 129–142.
Jorquera B. & Molinari E. 1979. Estados de desarrollo normal de Batrachyla taeniata (Girard). Medio Ambiente 4: 89–102.
Jorquera B., Pugín E. & Goicoechea O. 1972. Tabla de desarrollo normal de Rhinoderma darwini. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 4: 5–19.
Laurila A. & Kujasalo J. 1999. Habitat duration, predation risk and phenotypic plasticity in common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. J. Anim. Ecol. 68(6): 1123–1132. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00354.x
Lavilla E.O. & Scrocchi G.J. 1991. Aportes a la herpetología del Chaco argentino. II — Nuevos datos sobre Odontophrynus lavillai Cei 1985 (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana 40(1): 33–37.
Leon-Ochoa J. & Donoso-Barros R. 1970. Desarrollo embrionario y metamorfosis de Pleurodema brachyops (Cope) (Salientia-Leptodactylidae). Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepción 42: 355–379.
Limbaugh B.A. & Volpe P. 1957. Early development of the gulf coast toad, Bufo valliceps Wiegmann. Am.Mus. Novit. 1842: 1–32.
Martino A.L. & Sinsch U. 2002. Speciation by polyploidy in Odontophrynus americanus. J. Zool. Lond. 257: 67–81. DOI: 10.1017/S0952836902000663
Martino A.L. 1999. Análisis estructural de una comunidad de anfibios anuros (Barreto, Córdoba, Argentina). PhD. Thesis. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 152 pp.
McDiarmid R.W. & Altig R. 1999. Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 444 pp. ISBN: 0-226-55762-6
Merila J., Laurila A. & Lindgren B. 2004. Variation in the degree and costs of adaptive phenotypic plasticity among Rana temporaria populations. J. Evol. Biol. 17: 1132–1140. DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00744.x
Morey S. & Reznick D. 2004. The relationship between habitat permanence and larval development in California spadefoot toads: field and laboratory comparisons of developmental plasticity. Oikos 104: 172–190. DOI: 10.1111/j.0030- 1299.2004.12623.x
Niehaus A., Wilson R.S. & Franklin C.E. 2006. Short- and long-term consequences of thermal variation in the larval environment of anurans. J. Anim. Ecol. 75(3): 686–692. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01089.x
Nieuwkoop P.D. & Faber J. 1967. Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, 252 pp. ISBN: 0-8153-1896-0
Raff R.A. 1996. The Shape of Life: Genes, Development, and the Evolution of Animal Form. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 544 pp. ISBN: 9780226702667
Rosset S. 2008. New species of Odontophrynus Reinhardt and Lütken 1862 (Anura: Neobatrachia) from Brazil and Uruguay. J. Herpetol. 42(1): 134–144. DOI: 10.1670/07-088R1.1
Rosset S., Baldo D., Lanzone C. & Basso N.G. 2006. Review of the geographic distribution of diploid and tetraploid populations of the Odontophrynus americanus species complex (Anura: Leptodactylidae). J. Herpetol. 40(4): 465–477. DOI: 10.1670/0022-1511(2006)40[465:ROTGDO]2.0.CO;2
Salthe S.N. & Mecham J.S. 1974. Reproductive and courtship patterns, pp. 309–521. In: Lofts B. (ed.), Physiology of the Amphibia, Vol 2, Academic Press, New York. ISBN: 0124554024
Savage J.M. & Cei J.M. 1965. A review of the leptodactylid frog genus, Odontophrynus. Herpetologica 21: 178–195.
Segura-Solís S. & Bolaños F. 2009. Desarrollo embrionario y larva del sapo Incilius aucoinae (Bufonidae) en Golfito. Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol.) 57(Suppl. 1):291–299.
Shimizu S. & Ota H. 2003. Normal development of Microhyla ornate: The first description of the complete embryonic and larval stages for the microhylid frogs (Amphibia: Anura). Curr. Herpetol. 22(2): 73–90. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.22.73
Shumway W. 1940. Stages in the normal development of Rana pipiens. I. External Form. Anat. Rec. 78: 139–144. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1090780202
Taylor A.C. & Kollros J.J. 1946. Stages in the normal development of Rana pipiens larvae. Anat. Rec. 94: 2–23. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1090940103
Vera Candioti M.F., Úbeda C. & Lavilla E.O. 2005. Morphology and metamorphosis of Eupsophus calcaratus tadpoles (Anura: Leptodactylidae). J. Morphol. 264(2): 161–177. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10320
Vera Candioti M.F., Nuñez J.J. & Úbeda C. 2011. Development of the nidicolous tadpoles of Eupsophus emiliopugini (Anura: Cycloramphidae) until metamorphosis, with comments on systematic relationships of the species and its endotrophic developmental mode. Acta Zool. (Stockholm) 92(1): 27–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00448.x
Werneburg I. 2009. A standard system to study vertebrate embryos. PLoS ONE 4(6): e5887. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005887
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grenat, P.R., Zavala Gallo, L.M., Salas, N.E. et al. External changes in embryonic and larval development of Odontophrynus cordobae Martino et Sinsch, 2002 (Anura: Cycloramphidae). Biologia 66, 1148–1158 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-011-0124-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-011-0124-0