Summary
The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole (FLU), its two main metabolites reduced flubendazole (FLU-R) and hydrolyzed flubendazole (FLU-H), and thiabendazole (TBZ) were compared using an in vitro larval development test in two isolates of Haemonchus contortus, a fully susceptible isolate (HCS) and a multi-resistant isolate (HCR). Results were quantified as 50 % lethal concentration (LC50), 99 % lethal concentration (LC99), efficacy factor (EF), and resistance factor (RF). For HCS, both LC50 and LC99 of FLU were lower than those of the reference TBZ. The anthelmintic activity of FLU-R in HCS and HCR was 13 and 6 times lower than the activity of FLU, respectively. The anthelmintic activity of FLU-H was negligible (approximately 363–853 times lower) compared to that of FLU. Although a marked resistance of the HCR isolate to TBZ was confirmed, only a low tolerance to FLU-R and slightly higher tolerance to FLU were found.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Álvarez-Sánchez, M. A., Pérez-García, J., Cruzrojo, M. A., Rojo-Vázquez, F. A. (2005): Real time PCR for the diagnosis of benzimidazole resistance in trichostrongylids of sheep. Vet. Parasitol., 129: 291–298
Coles, G., Bauer, C., Borgsteede, F. H. M., Geerts, S., Klei, T. R., Taylor, M. A., Waller, P. J. (1992): World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet. Parasitol., 44: 35–44
Cvilink, V., Kubíček, V., Nobilis, M., Křížová, V., Szotáková, B., Lamka, J., Várady, M., Kuběnová, M., Novotná, R., Gavelová, M., Skálová, L. (2008): Biotransformation of flubendazole and selected model xenobiotics in Haemonchus contortus. Vet. Parasitol., 151: 242–248
Dayan, A. D. (2003): Albendazole, mebendazole and praziquantel. Review of non-clinical toxicity and pharmacokinetics. Acta Tropica, 86: 141–159
Dobson, R. J., Griffiths, D. A., Donald, A. D., Waller, P. J. (1987): A genetic model describing the evolution of levamisole resistance in Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a nematode parasite of sheep. IMA J. Appl. Math., 4: 279–293
Hubert, J., Kerboeuf, D. (1992): A microlarval development assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes. Vet. Rec., 130: 442–446
Křížová, V., Nobilis, M., Prušková, L., Chládek, J., Szotáková, B., Cvilink, V., Skálová, L., Lamka, J. (2009): Pharmacokinetics of flubendazole and its metabolites in lambs and adult sheep (Ovis aries). J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 32: 606–612
Meuldermans, W. E., Hurkmans, R. M., Lauwers, W. F., Heykants, J. J. (1976): The in vitro metabolism of mebendazole by pig, rat and dog liver fractions. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 1: 35–40
Moreno L., Alvarez L., Mottier L., Virkel G., Sanches Bruni S., Lanusse C. (2004): Integrated pharmacological assessment of flubendazole potencial for use in sheep: disposition kinetics, liver metabolism and parasite diffusion. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 27: 299–308
Roos, M. H., Otsen, M., Hoekstra, R., Veenstra, J. G., Lenstra, J. A. (2004): Genetic analysis of inbreeding of two strains of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int. J. Parasitol., 34: 109–115
van Wyk, J. A., Malan, F. S. (1988): Resistance of field strains of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin, closantel, rafoxanide and the benzimidazoles in South Africa. Vet. Rec., 123: 226–228
Várady, M., Bjørn, H., Nansen, P. (1996): In vitro characterization of anthelmintic susceptibility of field isolates of the pig nodular worm Oesophagostomum sp. susceptible or resistant to various anthelmintics. Int. J. Parasitol., 26: 733–740
Várady, M., Čudeková, P., Čorba, J. (2007): In vitro detection of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus: Egg hatch test versus larval development test. Vet. Parasitol. 149: 104–110
Von Samson-himmelstjerna, G., Walsh, T. K., Donnan, A. A., Carriére, S., Jackson, F., Skuce, P. J., Rohn, K., Woltenholme, A. J. (2009): Molecular detection of benzimidazoleresistance in Haemonchus contortus using real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. Parasitology, 136: 349–358
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Bártíková, H., Skálová, L., Lamka, J. et al. The effects of flubendazole and its metabolites on the larval development of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae): an in vitro study. Helminthologia 47, 269–272 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-0042-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-0042-7