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Body Weight and Metabolic Adverse Effects of Asenapine, Iloperidone, Lurasidone and Paliperidone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis

CNS Drugs volume 26, pages 733–759 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

Background: The introduction of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) over the past 2 decades generated considerable optimism that better anti-psychotic treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were possible. SGAs offer several tolerability benefits over first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), particularly with respect to extrapyramidal symptoms. However, SGAs can induce serious metabolic dysregulations, especially in drug-naive, first-episode, and child and adolescent populations, with olanzapine and clozapine having the highest propensity to cause these abnormalities. In this context, newer SGAs were developed to further improve the adverse effect burden of available agents. However, until now, the metabolic risk profile of the newly approved SGAs — asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone (paliperidone extended release and paliperidone palmitate) — has not been compared.

Objective: The objective of this systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis was to assess the effects of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone on body weight and other metabolic parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose), as this information is relevant to guide clinical decision making.

Method: A systematic literature search (1966–March 2012), using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and MEDLINE, CINAHL and EMBASE databases, was conducted for randomized, placebo-controlled and head-to-head clinical trials of asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone and paliperidone. Published and unpublished data on changes in body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were extracted. For placebo-controlled, short-term (≤12 weeks) and longer-term (>12 weeks) trials with available data on ≥7% weight increase compared with pre-treatment weight, or mean weight change with standard deviation, a formal meta-analysis was performed, estimating the pooled effect size (represented as relative risk [RR], numbers-needed-to-harm [NNH] and weighted mean difference [WMD]). An exploratory meta-analysis was also performed for the other metabolic variables (cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose). Data from active- and placebo-controlled studies were used for a pooled comparison of simple mean changes in weight, cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels.

Results: Fifty-six trials (n = 21691) in schizophrenia (N = 49, n= 19 299) or bipolar disorder (N = 7, n = 2392) were identified (asenapine: N = 9, iloperidone: N=11, lurasidone: N = 8, paliperidone: N = 28). Most of the trials (64.3%) were of ≤12 weeks’ duration. In the short-term trials, compared with placebo, a ≥7% weight increase was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) most prevalent for asenapine (5 trials, n = 1360, RR = 4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25, 7.43, NNH = 17), followed by iloperidone (4 trials, n = 1931, RR = 3.13, 95% CI 2.08, 4.70, NNH = 11) and paliperidone (12 trials, n = 4087, RR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.64, 2.86, NNH = 20). The effect of lurasidone on body weight (6 trials, n = 1793, RR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.87, 2.29) was not statistically significant. Short-term weight gain was statistically significantly (p < 0.001) greater than placebo with iloperidone (1 trial, n = 300, +2.50 kg, 95% CI 1.92, 3.08), paliperidone (15 trials, n = 3552, +1.24 kg, 95% CI 0.91, 1.57), asenapine (3 trials, n = 751, +1.16 kg, 95% CI 0.83, 1.49), as well as with lurasidone (5 trials, n = 999, +0.49 kg, 95% CI 0.17, 0.81, p < 0.01). Sufficient meta-analysable, longer-term, weight change data were only available for asenapine and paliperidone, showing statistically significantly (p < 0.001) greater weight gain versus placebo for both drugs (asenapine, 3 trials, n = 311, +1.30 kg, 95% CI 0.62, 1.98; paliperidone, 6 trials, n = 1174, +0.50 kg, 95% CI 0.22, 0.78). Although statistically significant, in general, no clinically meaningful differences were observed between the four newly approved SGAs and placebo regarding the mean change from baseline to endpoint in cholesterol levels in short-term trials, with the exception of iloperidone for total cholesterol (1 trial, n = 300, +11.60 mg/dL, 95% CI 4.98, 18.22, p ≤ 0.001), high-density cholesterol (1 trial, n = 300, +3.6 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.58, 5.62, ps < 0.001) and low-density cholesterol (1 trial, n = 300, +10.30 mg/dL, 95% CI 4.94, 15.66, p < 0.001) and with the exception of lurasidone for high-density cholesterol (5 trials, n = 1004, +1.50 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.56, 2.44, p < 0.01). Asenapine increased total cholesterol statistically significantly (p < 0.05) during longer-term treatment (1 trial, n = 194, +6.53 mg/dL, 95% CI 1.17, 11.89). Regarding triglycerides, only short-term (3 trials, n = 1152, +1.78 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.40, 3.17, p < 0.01) and longer-term treatment with paliperidone (4 trials, n = 791, −0.20 mg/dL, 95% CI −0.40, −0.01, p < 0.05) had a statistically, but not clinically, significant effect. Statistically significant changes in glucose levels were noticed during short-term treatment with asenapine (2 trials, n = 379, −3.95 mg/dL, 95% CI −7.37, −0.53, p < 0.05) and iloperidone (1 trial, n =300, +6.90 mg/dL, 95% CI 2.48, 11.32, p < 0.01), and during long-term treatment with paliperidone (6 trials, n = 1022, +3.39 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.42, 6.36, p < 0.05).

Conclusion: While preliminary data suggest the lowest weight gain potential with lurasidone and potentially relevant short-term metabolic effects for asenapine and iloperidone, data are still too sparse to comprehensively evaluate the metabolic safety of the newly approved SGAs. Therefore, there is a clear need for further controlled studies to evaluate whether these agents are less problematic regarding treatment-emergent weight gain and metabolic disturbances than other currently available antipsychotics.

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Acknowledgements

Marc De Hert declares that he has been a consultant for, received grant and/or research support and honoraria from, and been on the speakers’ bureaus and/or advisory boards of the following companies: Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Sanofi Aventis. He declares associations with the following companies: Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Sanofi Aventis.

Ruud van Winkel declares that he has received unrestricted grants from Astra Zeneca and Eli Lilly.

Christoph Correll declares that he has been a consultant and/or advisor for or has received honoraria from the following companies: Actelion, Alexza, AstraZeneca, Biotis, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Desitin, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann-La Roche, IntraCellular Therapies, Lundbeck, MedAvante, Medicure, Merck, Novartis, Otsuka, Ortho-McNeill-Janssen, Pfizer, ProPhase, Schering-Plough, Sunovion, Supernus, Takeda, Teva and Vanda. He also has received grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and the National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Otsuka and Janssen/J&J.

Weiping Yu, Johan Detraux and Kim Sweers have no conflicts of interest.

No sources of funding were used to conduct this study and/or to prepare the review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Psychiatric Centre, Catholic University Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070, Kortenberg, Belgium

    Marc De Hert, Weiping Yu, Johan Detraux, Kim Sweers & Ruud van Winkel

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, EURON, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Ruud van Winkel

  3. Psychiatry Research, North Shore — Long Island Jewish Health System, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA

    Christoph U. Correll

  4. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

    Christoph U. Correll

  5. The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA

    Christoph U. Correll

  6. Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA

    Christoph U. Correll

Authors
  1. Marc De Hert
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  2. Weiping Yu
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  3. Johan Detraux
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  4. Kim Sweers
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  5. Ruud van Winkel
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  6. Christoph U. Correll
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Correspondence to Marc De Hert.

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De Hert, M., Yu, W., Detraux, J. et al. Body Weight and Metabolic Adverse Effects of Asenapine, Iloperidone, Lurasidone and Paliperidone in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. CNS Drugs 26, 733–759 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2165/11634500-000000000-00000

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Keywords

  • Clozapine
  • Risperidone
  • Olanzapine
  • Quetiapine
  • Aripiprazole