Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nail Psoriasis

A Review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nail psoriasis is common, occurring in up to half of patients with psoriasis and in 90% of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Left untreated, it may progress to debilitating nail disease, which leads to significant functional impairment.

The most common clinical signs of nail psoriasis are nail plate pitting and onycholysis. Other classical signs include oil drop discoloration, subungual hyperkeratosis, and splinter hemorrhages. The modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI) can be used to grade the severity of nail psoriasis, while the Nail Psoriasis Quality of Life Scale (NPQ10) is a questionnaire that evaluates the impact of nail psoriasis on the patient’s functional status and quality of life.

Treatment of nail psoriasis should be individualized according to the patient’s preferences, severity of nail changes, and presence of skin and/or joint involvement. Both topical and intralesional therapies are safe and effective treatment modalities for nail disease, but are limited by poor adherence and pain, respectively. Systemic therapy such as oral retinoids may be considered for widespread nail disease causing significant morbidity. Among biologic agents, tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitors and T-cell-targeted therapies such as ustekinumab may be useful for refractory severe nail psoriasis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Table I
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Table II
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gelfand JM, Weinstein R, Porter SB, et al. Prevalence and treatment of psoriasis in the United Kingdom: a population-based study. Arch Dermatol 2005; 141: 1537–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Plunkett A, Marks R. A review of the epidemiology of psoriasis vulgaris in the community. Australas J Dermatol 1998; 39: 225–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Icen M, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, et al. Trends in incidence of adult-onset psoriasis over three decades: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 394–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gladman DD, Antoni Mease P, et al. Psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64 Suppl. 2:14–7

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gladman DD, Anhorn KB, Schachter RK, et al. HLA antigens in psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 586–92

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cohen MR, Reda DJ, Clegg DO. Baseline relationships between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: analysis of 221 patients with active psoriatic arthritis. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1752–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Samman PD, Fenton DA. The nails in disease. 5th ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1994

    Google Scholar 

  8. Van Laborde S, Scher RK. Developments in the treatment of nail psoriasis, melanonychia striata, and onychomycosis: a review of the literature. Dermatol Clin 2000; 18: 37–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Augustin M, Reich Blome et al. Nail psoriasis in Germany: epidemiology and burden of disease. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163: 580–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kundakci N, Türsen U, Babiker MO, et al. The evaluation of the socio-demographic and clinical features of Turkish psoriasis patients. Int J Dermatol 2002; 41: 220–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chang CC, Gangaram HB, Hussein SH. Malaysian Psoriasis Registry-preliminary report of a pilot study using a newly revised registry form. Med J Malaysia 2008; 63 Suppl. C: 68–71

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Myers WA, Gottlieb AB, Mease P. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: clinical features and disease mechanisms. Clin Dermatol 2006; 24: 438–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tham SN, Lim JJ, Tay SH, et al. Clinical observations on nail changes in psoriasis. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1988; 17: 482–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jiaravuthisan MM, Sasseville D, Vender RB, et al. Psoriasis of the nail: anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of the literature on therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 1–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rich P, Scher RK. Nail Psoriasis Severity Index: a useful tool for evaluation of nail psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 206–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. de Berker D. Management of nail psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000; 25: 357–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Edwards F, de Berker D. Nail psoriasis: clinical presentation and best practice recommendations. Drugs 2009; 69: 2351–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kovich OI, Soldano AC. Clinical pathologic correlations for diagnosis and treatment of nail disorders. Dermatol Ther 2007; 20: 11–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Natarajan V, Nath AK, Thappa DM, et al. Coexistence of onychomycosis in psoriatic nails: a descriptive study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2010; 76: 723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Saladi RN, Persaud AN, Rudikoff D, et al. Idiopathic splinter hemorrhages. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 50: 289–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Francès C, Piette JC, Saada V, et al. Multiple subungual splinter hemorrhages in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a report of five cases and review of the literature. Lupus 1994; 3: 123–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Jones SM, Armas JB, Cohen MG, et al. Psoriatic arthritis: outcome of disease subsets and relationship of joint disease to nail and skin disease. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33: 834–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tan AL, Grainger AJ, Tanner SF, et al. A high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging study of distal interphalangeal joint arthropathy in psoriatic arthritis and osteoarthritis: are they the same? Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54: 1328–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Tan AL, Benjamin M, Toumi H, et al. The relationship between the extensor tendon enthesis and the nail in distal in terphalangeal joint disease in psoriatic arthritis: a high-resolution MRI and histological study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46: 253–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. McGonagle D. Enthesitis: an autoinflammatory lesion linking nail and joint involvement in psoriatic disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23 Suppl. 1: 9–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Williamson L, Dalbeth N, Dockerty JL, et al. Extended report: nail disease in psoriatic arthritis: clinically important, potentially treatable and often overlooked. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 790–4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Parrish CA, Sobera JO, Elewski BE. Modification of the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 53: 745–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cassell SE, Bieber JD, Rich P, et al. The modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index: validation of an instrument to assess psoriatic nail involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2007; 34: 123–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 210–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ortonne JP, Baran R, Corvest M, et al. Development and validation of nail psoriasis quality of life scale (NPQ10). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24: 22–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cameli N, et al. Calcipotriol ointment in nail psoriasis: a controlled double-blind comparison with betamethasone dipropionate and salicylic acid. Br J Dermatol 1998; 139: 655–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rigopoulos D, Ioannides D, Prastitis N, et al. Nail psoriasis: a combined treatment using calcipotriol cream and clobetasol propionate cream [letter]. Acta Derm Venereol 2002; 82: 140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tzung TY, Chen CY, Yang CY, et al. Calcipotriol used as monotherapy or combination therapy with betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of nail psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2008; 88: 279–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wolf R, Tur E, Brenner S. Corticosteroid-induced ‘disappearing digit’. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990; 23: 755–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Deffer TA, Goette DK. Distal phalangeal atrophy secondary to topical steroid therapy. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123: 571–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Scott LJ, Dunn CJ, Goa KL. Calcipotriol ointment: a review of its use in the management of psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001; 2: 95–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fredriksson T. Topically applied fluorouracil in the treatment of psoriatic nails. Arch Dermatol 1974; 110: 735–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. de Jong EM, Menke HE, van Praag MC, et al. Dystrophic psoriatic fingernails treated with 1% 5-fluorouracil in a nail penetration-enhancing vehicle: a double-blind study. Dermatology 1999; 199: 313–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kemény L, Ruzicka T, Braun-Falco O. Dithranol: a review of the mechanism of action in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Skin Pharmacol 1990; 3: 1–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yamamoto T, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Topical anthralin therapy for refractory nail psoriasis. J Dermatol 1998; 25: 231–3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Duvic M, Nagpal S, Asano AT, et al. Molecular mechanisms of tazarotene action in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37: S18–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Scher RK, Stiller M, Zhu YI. Tazarotene 0.1% gel in the treatment of fingernail psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Cutis 2001; 68: 355–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bianchi L, Soda R, Diluvio L, et al. Tazarotene 0.1% gel for psoriasis of the fingernails and toenails: an open, prospective study. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 207–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Katsambas A. Treatment of psoriatic nails with tazarotene cream 0.1 % vs. clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream: a double-blind study. Acta Derm Venereol 2007; 87: 167–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Weindl G, Roeder A, Schäfer-Korting M, et al. Receptor-selective retinoids for psoriasis: focus on tazarotene. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006; 7: 85–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cannavò SP, Guarneri F, Vaccaro M, et al. Treatment of psoriatic nails with topical cyclosporin: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled study. Dermatology 2003; 206: 153–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Tosti A, Guerra L, Bardazzi F, et al. Topical ciclosporin in nail psoriasis [letter]. Dermatologica 1990; 180: 110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hermann RC, Taylor RS, Ellis CN, et al. Topical ciclosporin for psoriasis: in vitro skin penetration and clinical study. Skin Pharmacol 1988; 1: 246–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Prins AM, Vos Franssen EJ. Instability of topical ciclosporin emulsion for nail psoriasis. Dermatology 2007; 215: 362–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lin AN. Innovative use of topical calcineurin inhibitors. Dermatol Clin 2010; 28: 535–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. de Berker D. Management of psoriatic nail disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2009; 28: 39–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Grover C, Bansal S, Nanda S, et al. Efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide in various acquired nail dystrophies. J Dermatol 2005; 32: 963–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Saleem K, Azim W. Treatment of nail psoriasis with a modified regimen of steroid injections. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2008; 18: 78–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. de Berker DA, Lawrence CM. A simplified protocol of steroid injection for psoriatic nail dystrophy. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 90–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Marx JL, Scher RK. Response of psoriatic nails to oral photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 1980; 116: 1023–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Handfield-Jones SE, Boyle J, Harman RR. Local PUVA treatment for nail psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1987; 116: 280–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Stern DK, Creasey AA, Quijije J, et al. UV-A and UV-B penetration of normal human cadaveric fingernail plate. Arch Dermatol 2011; 147: 439–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hern S, Stanton AW, Mellor RH, et al. In vivo quantification of the structural abnormalities in psoriatic microvessels before and after pulsed dye laser treatment. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 505–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Oram Y, Karincaoğlu Y, Koyuncu E, et al. Pulsed dye laser in the treatment of nail psoriasis. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 377–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Fernández-Guarino M, Harto A, Sánchez-Ronco M, et al. Pulsed dye laser vs. photodynamic therapy in the treatment of refractory nail psoriasis: a comparative pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 891–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Finnerty EF. Successful treatment of psoriasis of the nails. Cutis 1979; 23: 43–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yu RC, King CM. A double-blind study of superficial radiotherapy in psoriatic nail dystrophy. Acta Derm Venereol 1992; 72: 134–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kwang TY, Nee TS, Seng KT. A therapeutic study of nail psoriasis using electron beams [letter]. Acta Derm Venereol 1995; 75: 90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Lindelöf B. Psoriasis of the nails treated with grenz rays: a double-blind bilateral trial. Acta Derm Venereol 1989; 69: 80–2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Brazzelli V, Martinoli S, Prestinari F, et al. An impressive therapeutic result of nail psoriasis to acitretin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18: 229–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. López V, Molina I, Martí N, et al. Severe nail psoriasis with a rapid response to acitretin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34: e332–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tosti A, Ricotti C, Romanelli P, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of acitretin therapy for nail psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 269–71

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Piraccini BM, Tosti A, Iorizzo M, et al. Pustular psoriasis of the nails: treatment and long-term follow-up of 46 patients. BrJ Dermatol 2001; 144:1000–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sbidian E, Maza A, Montaudié H, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral retinoids in different psoriasis subtypes: a systematic literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25: 28–33

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Baran R. Etretinate and the nails (study of 130 cases) possible mechanisms of some side-effects. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986; 11: 148–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Syuto T, Abe M, Ishibuchi H, et al. Successful treatment of psoriatic nails with low-dose cyclosporine administration. Eur J Dermatol 2007; 17: 248–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mahrle G, Schulze HJ, Färber L, et al. Low-dose short-term cyclosporine versus etretinate in psoriasis: improvement of skin, nail, and joint involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 32: 78–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Feliciani C, Zampetti A, Forleo P, et al. Nail psoriasis: combined therapy with systemic cyclosporin and topical calcipotriol. J Cutan Med Surg 2004; 8: 122–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Gümüşel M, Ozdemir M, Mevlitogğlu I, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of methotrexate and cyclosporine therapies on psoriatic nails: a one-blind, randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011 Sep; 25(9): 1080–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Carson KR, Focosi D, Major EO, et al. Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with ritux-imab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a Review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 816–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kothary N, Diak IL, Brinker A, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with efalizumab use in psoriasis patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65: 546–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Hussain W, Coulson I, Owen C. Severe recalcitrant nail psoriasis responding dramatically to infliximab: report of two patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 33: 520–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Reich K, Nestle FO, Papp K, et al. Infliximab induction and maintenance therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a phase III, multicentre, double-blind trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1367–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Reich K, Ortonne JP, Kerkmann U, et al. Skin and nail responses after 1 year of infliximab therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a retrospective analysis of the EXPRESS Trial. Dermatology 2010; 221: 172–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Rich P, Griffiths CE, Reich K, et al. Baseline nail disease in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and response to treatment with infliximab during 1 year. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 224–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Fabroni C, Gori A, Troiano M, et al. Infliximab efficacy in nail psoriasis. a retrospective study in 48 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25: 549–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Stratigos A, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of infliximab on psoriatic nails: an unblinded, nonrandomized, open-label study. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 453–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Saurat JH, Stingl G, Dubertret L, et al. Efficacy and safety results from the randomized controlled comparative study of adalimumab vs. methotrexate vs. placebo in patients with psoriasis (CHAMPION). Br J Dermatol 2008; 158: 558–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Lazaridou E, et al. Treatment of nail psoriasis with adalimumab: an open label unblinded study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24: 530–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Van den Bosch F, Manger B, Goupille P, et al. Effectiveness of adalimumab in treating patients with active psoriatic arthritis and predictors of good clinical responses for arthritis, skin and nail lesions. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69: 394–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Galindo MP, Bartlett BL, Gewirtzman A, et al. Etanercept: an overview of its role in the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4: 305–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bissonnette R. Etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis. Skin Therapy Lett 2006; 11: 1–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Coelho JD, Diamantino F, Lestre S, et al. Treatment of severe nail psoriasis with etanercept. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011; 77: 72–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Rallis E, Stavropoulou E, Rigopoulos D, et al. Rapid response of nail psoriasis to etanercept. J Rheumatol 2008; 35: 544–5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Luger TA, Barker J, Lambert J, et al. Sustained improvement in joint pain and nail symptoms with etanercept therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 896–904

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Barrera MV, Habicheyn S, Mendiola MV, et al. Etanercept in the treatment and retreatment of psoriasis in daily clinical practice. Eur J Dermatol 2008; 18: 683–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lawry M. Biological therapy and nail psoriasis. Dermatol Ther 2007; 20: 60–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Krueger GG, Callis KP. Development and use of alefacept to treat psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49 (2 Suppl.): S87–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Parrish CA, Sobera JO, Robbins CM, et al. Alefacept in the treatment of psoriatic nail disease: a proof of concept study. J Drugs Dermatol 2006; 5: 339–40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Körver JE, Langewouters AM, Van De Kerkhof PC, et al. Therapeutic effects of a 12-week course of alefacept on nail psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20: 1252–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Cassetty CT, Alexis AF, Shupack JL, et al. Alefacept in the treatment of psoriatic nail disease: a small case series. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52: 1101–2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Laws PM, Warren RB. Ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7: 155–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Krulig E, Gordon KB. Ustekinumab: an evidence-based review of its effectiveness in the treatment of psoriasis. Core Evid 2010; 5: 11–22

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Patsatsi A, Kyriakou A, Sotiriadis D. Ustekinumab in nail psoriasis: an open-label, uncontrolled, nonrandomized study. J Dermatolog Treat. Epub 2011 Aug8

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is not supported by any funding source. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Skin Centre, 1 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308205

    Eugene S. T. Tan, Wei-Sheng Chong & Hong Liang Tey

Authors
  1. Eugene S. T. Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei-Sheng Chong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hong Liang Tey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugene S. T. Tan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tan, E.S.T., Chong, WS. & Tey, H.L. Nail Psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol 13, 375–388 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2165/11597000-000000000-00000

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11597000-000000000-00000

Keywords

Search

Navigation