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Calcium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

A Review of Prospective Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials

American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs volume 12, pages 105–116 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

The potential effects of inadequate or excessive calcium supply on cardiovascular disease (CVD) are receiving growing attention. We review experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence regarding the role of calcium intake in the development of CVD in adults. In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies have shown that calcium may affect the risk of developing CVD through multiple mechanisms including blood cholesterol, insulin secretion and sensitivity, vasodilation, inflammatory profile, thrombosis, obesity, and vascular calcification. A number of prospective epidemiologic studies have examined the relationship between dietary calcium intake and CVD incidence or mortality in middle-aged and older adults. The results were inconsistent, and the pooled data do not strongly support a significant effect of greater dietary calcium intake on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) or stroke. Only a few prospective studies have examined calcium supplement use in association with risk of CVD. The pooled data show no significant benefits of calcium supplement use in reducing the risk of CAD or stroke. No randomized clinical trial has specifically tested the effect of calcium supplementation on CVD as its primary endpoint. Secondary analyses in existing trials to date suggest a neutral effect of calcium (with or without vitamin D) supplements on CVD events, but do not allow for a definitive conclusion. A large percentage of Americans, particularly older adults, fail to meet the US recommendations for optimal calcium intake and are encouraged to increase daily calcium consumption. More prospective cohort studies and large-scale randomized trials are needed to further evaluate the risks or benefits of calcium supplementation on CVD endpoints as the primary pre-specified outcome.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the technical assistance from Dr Yiqing Song in his scientific input into the meta-analysis. Dr Wang was supported by a career development grant HL095649 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Lu Wang, JoAnn E. Manson & Howard D. Sesso

  2. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    JoAnn E. Manson & Howard D. Sesso

  3. Division of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Howard D. Sesso

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  1. Lu Wang
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  2. JoAnn E. Manson
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Correspondence to Lu Wang.

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Wang, L., Manson, J.E. & Sesso, H.D. Calcium Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 12, 105–116 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2165/11595400-000000000-00000

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Keywords

  • Calcium Intake
  • Calcium Supplement
  • Dietary Calcium
  • Dietary Calcium Intake
  • Pool Relative Risk