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Assessment of abuse potential of benzodiazepines from a prescription database using ‘doctor shopping’ as an indicator

CNS Drugs volume 24, pages 611–620 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

Background: Benzodiazepines are widely used for different purposes because of their pharmacological properties, but their abuse potential may represent a limitation to their use. Data suggest that this abuse potential may vary between products and available dosages. Doctor shopping (the simultaneous use of several physicians by a patient) is one of the most important ways in which prescription drugs, in particular benzodiazepines, are diverted.

Objective: To assess the potential for abuse of several benzodiazepines using doctor shopping in a French administrative area as a proxy for abuse.

Methods: All prescriptions reimbursed during the year 2003 in Haute-Garonne, France (one million inhabitants) for benzodiazepines that were available in ambulatory care through community pharmacies as solid oral forms were extracted from a reimbursement database. The benzodiazepines were alprazolam (0.25 mg, 0.50 mg), bromazepam 6 mg, clonazepam 2mg, clorazepate (5mg, 10 mg, 50 mg), diazepam (1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg), flunitrazepam 1 mg, lorazepam (1 mg, 2.5 mg) and tetrazepam 50 mg. For each patient, the quantities prescribed, dispensed and obtained by doctor shopping (i.e. overlap between prescriptions from different prescribers) were computed. Benzodiazepines were compared using their ‘doctor shopping indicator’ (DSI, the percentage of each drug obtained through doctor shopping among the total reimbursed quantity).

Results: About 128 000 patients received at least one benzodiazepine during the year. Four groups of benzodiazepines were identified according to their abuse potential: very high abuse potential (flunitrazepam, DSI = 42.8%); high abuse potential (diazepam 10 mg, DSI = 3.2%; clorazepate 50 mg, DSI = 2.7%); intermediate abuse potential (alprazolam 0.50 mg, bromazepam, clonazepam, DSI ranging from 1.8% to 1.9%); and low abuse potential (other benzodiazepines and dosages, DSI ranging from 0.3% to 1.1%).

Conclusion: The DSI can be used to assess the relative abuse liability of benzodiazepines and to detect signals of new patterns of abuse in settings where centralized records of prescription or deliveries are available for the great majority of patients.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Robert Bourrel, practitioner at the Regional Medical Department of the French Health Insurance System (Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés) for giving access to the data, and Pascale Morandi for editing the manuscript.

None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare in relation to this work. There was no specific funding for the study and the preparation of the manuscript. The CEIP annually receives funds from the Afssaps (the French Medicine Agency) to collect data and to perform studies about abuse and dependence of any psychoactive drugs. The Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology, EA 3696 annually receives funds from the French Ministry of Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre d’Evaluation et d’Information sur la Pharmacodépendance CEIP PACA-Corse, centre associé, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Marseille, France

    Vincent Pradel, Frank Rouby & Joëlle Micallef

  2. Laboratoire de Santé Publique, Marseille, France

    Vincent Pradel

  3. Unité de Pharmacoépidémiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Toulouse, EA 3696, Toulouse, France

    Catherine Delga &  Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre

  4. Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée-CNRS, UMR 6193, Marseille, France

    Joëlle Micallef

  5. Centre d’Evaluation et d’Information sur la Pharmacodépendance Addictovigilance CEIP Midi-Pyrénées, Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Toulouse, France

    Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre

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  1. Vincent Pradel
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  2. Catherine Delga
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Correspondence to Maryse Lapeyre-Mestre.

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Pradel, V., Delga, C., Rouby, F. et al. Assessment of abuse potential of benzodiazepines from a prescription database using ‘doctor shopping’ as an indicator. CNS Drugs 24, 611–620 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2165/11531570-000000000-00000

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Keywords

  • Buprenorphine
  • Community Pharmacy
  • Alprazolam
  • Clonazepam
  • Define Daily Dose