Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lenalidomide

A Review of its Use in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma

  • Adis Drug Evaluation
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In several countries, including the US and in Europe, oral lenalidomide in combination with oral dexamethasone is approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma patients (aged ≥18 years) who have received at least one prior antimyeloma therapy. The key therapeutic mechanisms of action of lenalidomide (a thalidomide analogue) reside in its immunomodulatory, antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic properties. In patients with multiple myeloma, lenalidomide has dual effects, exerting a direct antitumour response by inhibiting proliferation and by inducing apoptosis of tumour cells. Lenalidomide also acts to enhance the immune system by inducing the activation of immune effector cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells, and inducing cytokine production.

In the pivotal MM-009 and MM-010 phase III registration trials, treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone was effective and had a manageable safety and tolerability profile in relapsed or refractory patients with multiple myeloma. In robust pharmacoeconomic analyses based on these trials, relative to dexamethasone, lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment met the assumed willingness-to-pay threshold for cost effectiveness from the UK and Scottish healthcare payer perspective in this patient population. The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and the Scottish Medicines Consortium considered that the health economic case for lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment was demonstrated for patients who had received at least two prior antimyeloma therapies. In addition, in pharmacoeconomic analyses based on indirect comparisons of clinical efficacy, regulatory agencies in Norway and Sweden considered that lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment was cost effective relative to bortezomib in patients who have received at least one prior antimyeloma therapy. Furthermore, compared with placebo plus dexamethasone, treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone significantly prolonged the median time to progression, increased overall response rates and prolonged overall survival, with significantly longer median time to progression and overall response rates observed for all subgroups of patients. Thus, combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone provides a valuable option for the treatment of relapsed or refractory adult patients with multiple myeloma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Table I
Table II
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Table III

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, et al. Global cancer statistics 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55(2): 74–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Haubitz M, Peest D. Myeloma: new approaches to combined nephrological-haematological management. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006; 21: 582–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Altieri A, Chen B, Bermejo JL, et al. Familial risks and temporal incidence trends of multiple myeloma. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1661–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN Guidelines): multiple myeloma version 1.2011 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/myeloma.pdf [Accessed 2010 Oct 9]

  5. Katzel JA, Hari P, Vesole DH. Multiple myeloma: charging toward a bright future. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57(5): 301–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Harousseau J-L, Moreau P. Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2009; 360(25): 2645–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Harousseau J-L, Dreyling M. Multiple myeloma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 Suppl. 5: v155–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kumar S, Rajkumar SV. Thalidomide and lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(11): 1612–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cook G, Campbell JDM. Immune regulation in multiple myeloma: the host-tumour conflict. Blood Rev 1999; 13: 115–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bernal M, Garrido P, Jiménez P, et al. Changes in activatory and inhibitory natural killer (NK) receptors may induce progression to multiple myeloma: implications for tumor evasion of T and NK cells. Hum Immunol 2009; 70: 854–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Quach H, Ritchie D, Stewart AK, et al. Mechanisms of action of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDS) in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2010; 24: 22–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Brenne A-T, Fagerli U-M, Shaughnessy JD, et al. Higher expression of BCL3 in human myeloma cells is associated with increased proliferation and inferior prognosis. Eur J Haematol 2009; 82: 354–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jourdan M, Tarte K, Legouffe E, et al. Tumor necrosis factor is a survival and proliferation factor for human myeloma cells. Eur Cytokine Netw 1999; 10: 65–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Colucci S, Brunetti G, Mori G, et al. Soluble decoy receptor 3 modulates the survival and formation of osteoclasts from multiple myeloma bone disease patients. Leukemia 2009; 23: 2139–46

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dimopoulos M, Terpos E, Comenzo RL, et al. International myeloma working group consensus statement and guidelines regarding the current role of imaging techniques in the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009; 23(9): 1545–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E. The role of novel drugs in multiple myeloma. Ann Oncology 2008; 19 Suppl. 7: vii121–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Palumbo A, Facon T, Sonneveld P, et al. Thalidomide for treatment of multiple myeloma: 10 years later. Blood 2008; 111: 3968–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ludwig H, Strasser-Weippi K, Schreder M, et al. Advances in the treatment of hematological malignancies: current treatment approaches in multiple myeloma. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 Suppl. 9: ix64–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Davies F, Baz R. Lenalidomide mode of action: linking bench and clinical findings. Blood Rev 2010; 24 Suppl. 1: S13–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chanan-Khan AA, Cheson BD. Lenalidomide for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(9): 1544–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Reske T, Fulciniti M, Munshi NC. Mechanism of action of immunomodulatory agents in multiple myeloma. Med Oncol 2010; 27 Suppl. 1: 7–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Li S, Gill N, Lentzsch S. Recent advances of IMiDs in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 2010; 22: 579–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kotla V, Goel S, Nischal S, et al. Mechanism of action of lenalidomide in hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2009; 2: 36

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Teo SK. Properties of thalidomide and its analogues: implications for anticancer therapy. AAPS J 2005; 7(1): E14–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Moreira AL, Sampaio EP, Zmuidzinas A, et al. Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. J Exp Med 1993; 177(6): 1675–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Davies FE, Raje N, Hideshima T, et al. Thalidomide and immunomodulatory derivatives augment natural killer cell cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Blood 2001; 98(1): 210–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Breitkreutz I, Raab MS, Vallet S, et al. Lenalidomide inhibits osteoclastogenesis, survival factors and bone-remodeling markers in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22(10): 1925–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Poulaki V, et al. Apoptotic signaling induced by immunomodulatory thalidomide analogs in human multiple myeloma cells: therapeutic implications. Blood 2002; 99(12): 4525–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dredge K, Marriott JB, Macdonald CD, et al. Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Br J Cancer 2002; 87(10): 1160–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Dredge K, Horsfall R, Robinson SP, et al. Orally administered lenalidomide (CC-5013) is anti-angiogenic in vivo and inhibits endothelial cell migration and Akt phosphorylation in vitro. Microvasc Res 2005; 69(1–2): 56–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Burington B, Barlogie B, Zhan F, et al. Tumor cell gene expression changes following short-term in vivo exposure to single agent chemotherapeutics are related to survival in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14(15): 4821–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gandhi AK, Kang J, Capone L, et al. Dexamethasone synergizes with lenalidomide to inhibit multiple myeloma tumor growth, but reduces lenalidomide-induced immunomodulation of T and NK cell function. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2010; 10(2): 155–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Avet-Loiseau H, Soulier J, Fermand JP, et al. Impact of high-risk cytogenetics and prior therapy on outcomes in patients with advanced relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone. Leukemia 2010; 24(3): 623–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Reece D, Song KW, Fu T, et al. Influence of cytogenetics in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone: adverse effect of deletion 17p 13. Blood 2009; 114(3): 522–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Heider U, Fleissner C, Zavrski I, et al. Bone markers in multiple myeloma. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1544–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Celgene Corporation. Revlimid® (lenalidomide) 5mg, 10mg, 15mg and 25mg capsules: US prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.revlimid.com/pdf/REVLIMID_PI.pdf [Accessed 2010 Aug 9]

  37. European Medicines Agency. Summary of product characteristics: Revlimid® [online]. Available from URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en-GB/doument_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000717/WC500056018.pdf [Accessed 2010 Sep 13]

  38. Iida S, Chou T, Okamoto S, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone treatment in Japanese patients with relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma [published erratum appears in Int J Hematol 2010; 92 (1): 127–8]. Int J Hematol 2010; 92(1): 118–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E, et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100(9): 3063–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen N, Lau H, Kong L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment and in subjects on hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 47(12): 1466–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(21): 2133–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007; 357(21): 2123–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Yong K, Alegre Amor A, Browne P, et al. A multicenter, single-arm, open-label safety and quality of life study of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in previously treated patients with multiple myeloma [abstract no. 0944]. Haematologica 2010; 95 Suppl. 2: 392

    Google Scholar 

  44. Alegre A, Oriol-Rocafiguera A, Garcia-Larãna J, et al. Safety, efficacy, and quality of life study of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in previously treated patients with multiple myeloma: the Spanish experience [abstract no. 3045]. 52nd Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology; 2010 Dec 4–7; Orlando (FL)

  45. Blade J, Samson D, Reece D, et al. Criteria for evaluating disease response and progression in patients with multiple myeloma treated by high-dose therapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Myeloma Subcommittee of the EMBT: European Group for Bone Marrow Transplant. Br J Haematol 1998; 102(5): 1115–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dimopoulos MA, Chen C, Spencer A, et al. Long-term follow-up on overall survival from the MM-009 and MM-010 phase III trials of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2009; 23(11): 2147–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang M, Dimopoulos MA, Chen C, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is more effective than dexamethasone alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma regardless of prior thalidomide exposure. Blood 2008; 112(12): 4445–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Stadtmauer EA, Weber DM, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone at first relapse in comparison with its use as later salvage therapy in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2009; 82(6): 426–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zangari M, Tricot G, Polavaram L, et al. Survival effect of venous thromboembolism in patients with multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide and high-dose dexamethasone. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(1): 132–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Foa R, Weber D, Dimopoulos M, et al. Lenalidomide/ dexamethasone improves response and prolongs time to progression, even in the patients with IgA multiple myeloma: a sub-analysis of the MM-009/010 studies [abstract no. 4839]. Blood 2007; 110 (11)

  51. Delforge M, Facon T, Bravo M-L, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone has similar tolerability and efficacy in treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients with or without history of neuropathy [abstract no. 3873]. Blood 2009; 114 (22)

  52. San Miguel J, Dimopoulos M, Bravo M-L, et al. Longer duration of treatment and maintenance of best response with lenalidomide + dexamethasone increases overall survival in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma [abstract no. 0949]. Haematologica 2009; 24 Suppl. 2: 382

    Google Scholar 

  53. San Miguel JF, Dimopoulos M, Weber D, et al. Dexamethasone dose adjustments seem to result in better efficacy and improved tolerability in patients with relapsed/ refractory multiple myeloma who are treated with lenali domide/dexamethasone (MM009/010 sub-analysis) [abstract no. 2712]. Blood 2007; 110(11): 796. Plus poster presented at the 49th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology; 2007 Dec 8–11, Atlanta (GA)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Harousseau J-L, Dimopoulos MA, Wang M, et al. Better quality of response to lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2010; 95(10): 1738–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stewart AK, Chang H, Trudel S, et al. Diagnostic evaluation of t (4;14) in multiple myeloma and evidence of clonal evolution [letter]. Leukemia 2007; 21: 2358–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Christoulas D, et al. Treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma with lenalidomide and dexamethasone with or without bortezomib: prospective evaluation of the impact of cytogenetic abnormalities and of previous therapies. Leukemia 2010; 24(10): 1769–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Palumbo A, Sezer O, Kyle R, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma patients ineligible for standard high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2009; 23(10): 1716–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Rosinol L, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of renal failure in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22(8): 1485–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Dimopoulos M, Alegre A, Stadtmauer EA, et al. The efficacy and safety of lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma patients with impaired renal function. Cancer 2010; 116(16): 3807–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dimopoulos MA, Christoulas D, Roussou M, et al. Lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of refractory/ relapsed multiple myeloma: dosing of lenalidomide according to renal function and effect on renal impairment. Eur J Hemat 2010; 85(1): 1–5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Klein U, Neuben K, Hielscher T, et al. Lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone: effective regimen in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma complicated by renal impairment. Annals Hematol 2011; 90(4): 429–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Roig M, Ibãnez A, Garcia I, et al. Activity and safety of lenalidomide and dexamethasone in multiple myeloma patients with advanced renal failure: a Spanish multicenter retrospective study [abstract no. 1886]. Blood 2009; 114 (22)

  63. Chen C, Reece DE, Siegel D, et al. Expanded safety experience with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2009; 146(2): 164–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ishak J, Dimopoulos MA, Weber D, et al. Declining rates of adverse events and dose modifications with lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone [abstract no. 3708]. Blood 2008; 112(11)

  65. Lonial S, Baz R, Swern AS, et al. Neutropenia is a predictable and early event in affected patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide in combination with dexamethasone [abstract no. 2879]. Blood 2009; 114 (22)

  66. Delforge M, Blau IW, Hernandez MT, et al. Post-Approval Safety Study (PASS) of lenalidomide compared with other treatments in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: evaluation of peripheral neuropathy in the first 1011 patients [abstract no. 1939]. Blood 2010; 116 (21)

  67. Deniz B, Ishak KJ, Shearer A, et al. Economic evaluation of lenalidomide use for multiple myeloma in Scotland in patients who have received one prior therapy [abstract no. PSY14]. Value Health 2008; 11(3): A156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Deniz HB, Ishak KJ, Edwards DR, et al. Economic evaluation of lenalidomide for the treatment of multiple myeloma in Wales in patients who have received at least one prior therapy [abstract no. 0804]. Haematologica 2008; 93 Suppl. 1: 320–1

    Google Scholar 

  69. Deniz B, Morgan G, Schey S, et al. Economic evaluation of lenalidomide combined with dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma in the UK [abstract no. 2400]. Blood 2008; 112 (11)

  70. Scottish Medicines Consortium. Resubmission: lenalidomide 5mg, 10mg, 15mg and 25mg capsules (Revlimid®): no. (441/08) [online]. Available from URL: http://www.scottishmedicines.org.uk/files/lenalidomide_Revlimid_FINAL_April_2010_Resubmission_Amended_160610.pdf [Accessed 2011 Mar 1]

  71. Tandvårdsoch Läkemedelsförmånsverket. Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency, TLV decides that the following drugs should be included in the reimbursement from 2010-06-30 to the table specified prices. TLV determines the alternative price to the same amount of AIP [online]. Available from URL: http://www.tlv.se/Upload/Beslut_2010/bes100701-revlimid.pdf [Accessed 2011 Mar 2]

  72. Statens legemiddelverk. Reimbursement report lenalidomide (Revlimid) to treatment of multiple myeloma: assessment of the application for pre-approved reimbursement [online]. Available from URL: http://www.legemiddelverket.no/upload/Refusjonsrapport_Revlimid.pdf [Accessed 2011 Mar 8]

  73. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Lenalidomide for the treatment of multiple myeloma in people who have received at least one prior therapy: NICE technology appraisal guidance 171 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/TA171GuidanceWord.doc [Accessed 2010 Sep 30]

  74. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Appraising treatments which may extend life, at the end of life [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/howwework/devnicetech/endoflifetreatments.jsp [Accessed 2010 Oct 6]

  75. Drummond M, Barbieri M, Cook J, et al. Transferability of economic evaluations across jurisdictions: ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force Report. Val Health 2009; 12(4): 409–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Brenner H, Gondos A, Pulte D. Recent major improvement in long-term survival of younger patients with multiple myeloma. Blood 2008; 111(5): 2521–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Terpos E, Sezer O, Croucher PI, et al. The use of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma: recommendations of an expert panel on behalf of the European Myeloma Network. Ann Oncol 2009; 20(8): 1303–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Quach H, Prince HM, Mileshkin L. Treatment strategies in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: current status. Drugs Aging 2007; 24(10): 829–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, Attal M, et al. Optimizing the use of lenalidomide in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma: consensus statement. Leukemia. Epub 2011 Feb 4

  80. Hayden PJ, Mitsiades CS, Anderson KC, et al. Novel therapies in myeloma. Curr Opin Hematol 2007; 14: 609–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Jain P, Gupta S, Parikh PM. New therapeutic molecules for multiple myeloma. Indian J Cancer 2008; 45(4): 142–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Bladé J, Rosiñol L, Cibeira MT. Prognostic factors for multiple myeloma in the era of novel agents. Ann Oncol 2008; 19 Suppl. 7: vii117–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Shah SR, Tran TM. Lenalidomide in myeloblastic syndrome and multiple myeloma. Drugs 2007; 67(13): 1869–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Attal M, Lauwerrs V, Marit G, et al. Maintenance treatment with lenalidomide after transplantation for myeloma: final analysis of the IFM 2005-02 [abstract no. 310]. Blood 2010; 116 (21)

  85. Palumbo A, Delforge M, Catalano J, et al. A phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide combined with melphalan and prednisone in patients >65 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM): continuous use of lenalidomide vs fixed-duration regimens [abstract no. 622]. Blood 2010; 116 (21)

  86. McCarthy PL, Owzar K, Anderson KC, et al. Phase III intergroup study of lenalidomide versus placebo maintenance therapy following single autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) for multiple myeloma: CALGB 100104 [abstract no. 37]. Blood 2010; 116 (21)

  87. Revlimidin limbo: market slams Celgene, physicians and payers take a wait and see approach. The Pink Sheet 2010 Dec 13; 72 (50)

  88. Moeremans K, Annemans L. An update: health economics of managing multiple myeloma. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 1684–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adis, a Wolters Kluwer Business, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore 0754, Auckland, New Zealand

    Lesley J. Scott & Katherine A. Lyseng-Williamson

Authors
  1. Lesley J. Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katherine A. Lyseng-Williamson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lesley J. Scott.

Additional information

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: S. Iida, Department of Medical Oncology and Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; A. Palumbo, Myeloma Unit, Division of Haematology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; N. Uaprasert, Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; M. Wang, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; M. Zangari, Division of Hematology, Blood/Bone Marrow Transplant and Myeloma, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; L. Zhang, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Scott, L.J., Lyseng-Williamson, K.A. Lenalidomide. Drugs 71, 625–649 (2011). https://doi.org/10.2165/11206420-000000000-00000

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11206420-000000000-00000

Keywords

Search

Navigation