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Genetics and Epigenetics in Major Psychiatric Disorders

Dilemmas, Achievements, Applications, and Future Scope

  • Genomics in Health and Disease
  • Published:
American Journal of Pharmacogenomics

Abstract

No specific gene has been identified for any major psychiatric disorder, including schizophrenia, in spite of strong evidence supporting a genetic basis for these complex and devastating disorders. There are several likely reasons for this failure, ranging from poor study design with low statistical power to genetic mechanisms such as polygenic inheritance, epigenetic interactions, and pleiotropy. Most study designs currently in use are inadequate to uncover these mechanisms. However, to date, genetic studies have provided some valuable insight into the causes and potential therapies for psychiatric disorders.

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the understanding of the genetic etiology of psychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia, will be more successful with integrative approaches considering both genetic and epigenetic factors. For example, several genes including those encoding dopamine receptors (DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4), serotonin receptor 2A (HTR2A) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) have been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and related disorders through meta-analyses and large, multicenter studies. There is also growing evidence for the role of DRD1, NMDA receptor genes (GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and dopamine transporter (SLC6A3) in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic modification of reelin (RELN), BDNF, and the DRD2 promoters confer susceptibility to clinical psychiatric conditions.

Pharmacologic therapy of psychiatric disorders will likely be more effective once the molecular pathogenesis is known. For example, the hypoactive alleles of DRD2 and the hyperactive alleles of COMT, which degrade the dopamine in the synaptic cleft, are associated with schizophrenia. It is likely that insufficient dopaminergic transmission in the frontal lobe plays a role in the development of negative symptoms associated with this disorder. Antipsychotic therapies with a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist effect may be a plausible alternative to current therapies, and would be effective in symptom reduction in psychotic individuals. It is also possible that therapies employing dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonists or COMT inhibitors will be beneficial for patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The complex etiology of schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, warrants the consideration of both genetic and epigenetic systems and the careful design of experiments to illumine the genetic mechanisms conferring liability for these disorders and the benefit of existing and new therapies.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Stephen J. Glatt for his critical review of this manuscript.

This work was supported by grants from NIMH (R25MH60485) and NIH (ES10377 and CA101773).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Hamid M. Abdolmaleky & Marsha Wilcox

  2. Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Hamid M. Abdolmaleky

  3. Departments of Genetics, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Hamid M. Abdolmaleky & Sam Thiagalingam

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hamid M. Abdolmaleky

  5. Division of Graduate Medical Sciences and Departments of Medicine (Genetics Program), Biostatistics, and Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Marsha Wilcox

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  1. Hamid M. Abdolmaleky
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  2. Sam Thiagalingam
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  3. Marsha Wilcox
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Correspondence to Hamid M. Abdolmaleky.

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Abdolmaleky, H.M., Thiagalingam, S. & Wilcox, M. Genetics and Epigenetics in Major Psychiatric Disorders. Am J Pharmacogenomics 5, 149–160 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2165/00129785-200505030-00002

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