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Valsartan

A Review of its Use in Patients with Heart Failure and/or Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction After Myocardial Infarction

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Abstract

Abstract

Valsartan (Diovan®) is an oral angiotensin II-receptor antagonist with specificity for the angiotensin II type 1 receptor subtype. It demonstrates antihypertensive activity and slows the progression of chronic heart failure (CHF). Recently it has been evaluated in comparison with an ACE inhibitor regimen in patients with heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) after an acute myocardial infarction (MI), a population known to be at high risk of subsequent death or other major cardiovascular events.

In the VALIANT (VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion) trial, valsartan was as effective as captopril at reducing mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients who developed heart failure and/or LVSD after surviving an MI. It was also generally well tolerated in this population. Treatment with a combination of valsartan plus captopril provided no additional therapeutic benefit over treatment with captopril and was less well tolerated. Valsartan has a potential role as a new treatment for high-risk patients in the post-MI setting.

Pharmacologic Properties

In animal models of MI, valsartan reduced left ventricular remodeling, preserved systolic function, and reversed myocardial β-adrenergic derangements.

After administration of multiple oral doses of valsartan 40–160mg twice daily to patients with CHF, valsartan was rapidly absorbed, reaching mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) after 2.5–3 hours. Mean Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve values increased in a linear and nearly proportional fashion with increasing valsartan dosages. Steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in 7 days. Mean apparent clearance was approximately 4.5 L/h and the elimination half-life was 5.2–6.6 hours. Age, severity of heart failure, and body weight did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of valsartan. Valsartan is minimally metabolized and is excreted largely as unchanged drug, with clearance occurring predominantly via bile.

Therapeutic Efficacy

The VALIANT trial was a large (n = 14 703), randomized, double-blind, multinational study in patients who developed heart failure and/or LVSD after surviving an acute MI. Patients received either valsartan titrated to a target dosage of 160mg twice daily, captopril titrated to a target dosage of 50mg three times daily, or a combination of valsartan titrated to a target dosage of 80mg twice daily plus captopril titrated to a target dosage of 50mg three times daily. Median follow-up was 24.7 months.

The rate of mortality from any cause (primary endpoint) was similar for all three treatment groups (≈20%). The hazard ratio for death for valsartan compared with captopril was 1.00 (97.5% CI 0.90, 1.11; p = 0.98), and that for valsartan plus captopril compared with captopril 0.98 (97.5% CI 0.89, 1.09; p = 0.73).

Secondary endpoints, including death from cardiovascular causes and a hierarchy of composite endpoints of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, were met by similar proportions of patients in all three groups, with hazard ratios for valsartan or valsartan plus captopril versus captopril ranging from 0.95 to 1.00 for each of the endpoints.

Noninferiority analyses confirmed that valsartan was no less effective than captopril at reducing the risk of all-cause death (primary endpoint) and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (secondary endpoints). The same relative efficacy was found in all subgroups, including those taking β-adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers).

Tolerability

In the VALIANT study, valsartan titrated to 160mg twice daily was generally well tolerated in patients with heart failure and/or LVSD after an MI.

Valsartan was associated with significantly fewer treatment discontinuations related to adverse events than captopril. The incidence of adverse event-related dosage reductions or treatment discontinuations was significantly higher among patients who received the combination of valsartan plus captopril (titrated to 80mg twice daily and 50mg three times daily, respectively) than among recipients of captopril.

The valsartan group had a significantly higher incidence of hypotension leading to dosage reduction or treatment discontinuation and significantly more renal dysfunction leading to dosage reduction, but significantly less cough, rash, and taste disturbance leading to dosage reduction or discontinuation than the captopril group.

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Notes

  1. The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adis International Inc., 770 Township Line Road, Suite 300, Yardley, PA, 19067, USA

    Katherine F. Croom & Gillian M. Keating

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  1. Katherine F. Croom
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  2. Gillian M. Keating
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katherine F. Croom.

Additional information

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by:

L. Baruch, Cardiology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; M. Burnier, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; J.N. Cohn, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; R.H. Fagard, Department of Molecular and Cardiovascular Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; J.A. Hill, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA; H. Ikram, Department of Cardiology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; A.P. Maggioni, Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists Research Center, Florence, Italy; B. Pitt, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Data Selection

Sources: Medical literature published in any language since 1980 on valsartan, identified using Medline and EMBASE, supplemented by AdisBase (a proprietary database of Adis International). Additional references were identified from the reference lists of published articles. Bibliographical information, including contributory unpublished data, was also requested from the company developing the drug.

Search strategy: Medline search terms were ‘valsartan’ and (‘myocardial infarction’ and ‘heart failure’) or ‘ventricular dysfunction’. EMBASE search terms were ‘valsartan’ and (‘heart infarction’ or ‘myocardial infarction’ and ‘heart failure’) or ‘left ventricular function’. AdisBase search terms were ‘valsartan’ and (‘myocardial-infarction’ and ‘heart failure’) or ‘left-ventricular-dysfunction’. Searches were last updated 5 October 2004.

Selection: Studies in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction or heart failure who received valsartan. Inclusion of studies was based mainly on the methods section of the trials. When available, large, well controlled trials with appropriate statistical methodology were preferred. Relevant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data are also included.

Index terms: Angiotensin-receptor antagonist, heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, myocardial infarction, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, valsartan.

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Croom, K.F., Keating, G.M. Valsartan. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 4, 395–404 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2165/00129784-200404060-00008

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