Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Health Screening and Health Promotion Programs for the Elderly

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Disease Management & Health Outcomes

Abstract

As the population of elderly people worldwide continues to grow, successful aging has risen to the top of the health policy agenda. The definition of successful aging includes the maintenance of physical and mental function, as well as continued social engagement. Given this definition, maintaining health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) should be a key goal for nutrition and physical activity programs targeted toward the elderly. HR-QOL encompasses physical functioning necessary for unassisted living, as well as broader domains of mental functioning and overall life satisfaction. This review examines the relationship between health parameters and HR-QOL, and assesses the degree to which these relationships are addressed in existing screening and promotion programs. In many cases, nutrition screening and evaluation tools have focused on biomedical measures, such as bodyweight, body fat, or plasma lipids, without taking QOL into account. While HR-QOL has been considered in a few health promotion campaigns, a more balanced perspective on wellness and health among the elderly is needed for the design of effective policies and programs. Successful aging can depend on such factors as race, ethnicity, education, and access to economic and social resources. Intervention programs reviewed include those that address nutritional status, physical activity, and mental health issues among community-dwelling elderly. A comprehensive approach to promoting health in aging would incorporate indicators of wellbeing, and would specifically address nutrition and physical activity issues alongside HR-QOL. Public health policies reviewed here are designed to create an infrastructure to promote healthy aging and offer support to the growing elderly population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kennedy GJ. Geriatric mental health care: a treatment guide for health professionals. New York: The Guilford Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Estimated life expectancy at birth years by race and sex. National Vital Statistics Report 2002 Mar, 50 (6).

  3. United Nations. Second World Assembly on Aging; 2002 April 8–12; Madrid. Available from URL: http://www.un.org/ageing/aconf197inf2.pdf. [Accessed 2003 Feb 27].

  4. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2000.

  5. Drenowski A, Evans WJ. Nutrition, physical activity and quality of life in older adults: summary. J Gerontol 2001; Special Issue II 56A: 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Amarantos E, Martinez A, Dwyer J. Nutrition and quality of life in older adults. J Gerontol 2001; Special Issue II 56A: 54–64.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hays RD, Morales LS. The RAND-36 measure of health-related quality of life. Ann Med 2001; 33: 350–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Taggart HM. Self-reported benefits of t’ai chi practice by older women. J Holist Nurs 2001; 19: 223–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ounpuu S, Chambers LW, Chan D, et al. Validity of the US behavioral risk factor surveillance system’s health related quality of life survey tool in a group of older Canadians. Chronic Dis Can 2001; 22: 93–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC, Unwin NC, et al. Development and validation of a questionnaire for the assessment of physical activity in epidemiological studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 1361–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Spiro A, Bosse R. Relations between health-related quality of life and well-being: the gerontologist’s new clothes? Int J Aging Hum Dev 2000; 50: 297–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Simon P, Lightstone A, Zeng Z. Health-related quality of life: Los Angeles County, California, 1999. Centers for Disease Control. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50 (26): 556–9.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Drewnowski A, Warren-Mears VA. Does aging change nutrition requirements? J Nutr Health Aging 2001; 5: 70–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pirlich M, Lochs H. Nutrition in the elderly. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 1596: 869–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Huffman GB. Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly. Am Fam Phys 2002; 65 (4): 620–50.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Shahar DR, Shahar A. CEBQ: Composite Eating Behavior Questionnaire development and performance. J Nutr Health Aging 1999; 3 (1): 11–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bates CJ, Benton D, Biesalski HK, et al. Nutrition and aging: a consensus statement. J Nutr Health Aging 2002; 6 (1): 91–2.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Wahlqvist ML, Savige GS. Interventions aimed at dietary and lifestyle changes to promote healthy aging. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: S148–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Hautvast JG, van Staveren WA, de Groot LC. Methodologic issues in the EURONUT SENECA study. Aging (Milano) 1993; 5 (2): 37–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pearson JM, Schlettwein-Gsell D, Brzozowska A, et al. Lifestyle characteristics associated with nutritional risk in elderly subjects age 80 to 85 years. J Nutr Health Aging 2001; 5 (4): 278–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Andersson JC, Gustafsson K, Fjellstrom C, et al. Meals and energy intake among elderly women: an analysis of qualitative and quantitative dietary assessment methods. J Hum Nutr Diet 2001; 14 (6): 467–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wahlqvist ML, Kourisblazos A, Wattanapenpailboon N. The significance of eating patterns: an elderly Greek case study. Appetite 1999; 32 (1): 23–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Salva A, Pera G. Screening for malnutrition in dwelling elderly. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4 (6A): 1375–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Haller J, Weggemans RM, Ferry M, et al. Mental health: mini-mental state examination and geriatric depression score of elderly Europeans in the SENECA Study of 1993. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50 (2 Suppl.): S116.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2002; 26: 3223–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, et al. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology 2000; 54: 1265–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Meydani M. Antioxidants and cognitive function. Nutr Rev 2001; 59 (8 Pt 2): S75–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Paleologos M, Cumming RG, Lazarus R. Cohort study of vitamin C intake and cognitive impairment. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 45–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mendelsohn AB, Belle SH, Stoehr GP, et al. Use of antioxidant supplements and its association with cognitive function in a rural elderly cohort: the MoVIES Project. Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 148: 38–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gonzalez-Gross M, Marcos A, Pietrzik K. Nutrition and cognitive impairment in the elderly. Br J Nutr 2001; 86: 313–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Riedel WJ, Jorissen BL. Nutrients, age and cognitive function. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1998; 1: 579–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on cognitive function in elderly subjects. Nutrition 2001; 17: 1709–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Maravi Y, Berry EM, Ginsberg G, et al. Nutrition and quality of life in the aged: the Jerusalem 70-year olds longitudinal study. Aging (Milano) 2000; 12: 173–9.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Limae Costa MF, Uchoa E, Guerra HL, et al. The Bambui Health and Ageing Study (BHAS): methodological approach and preliminary results of a populations-based cohort study of the elderly in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2000; 34 (2): 126–35.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Westerterp KR, Meijer EP. Physical activity and parameters of aging: a physiological perspective. J Gerontol 2001; 56A (2 Suppl.): 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenbarger Jr RS, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 1989; 262: 2395–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. DiPietro L. Physical activity in aging: changes in patterns and their relationship to health and function. J Gerontol 2001; 56A (2 Suppl.): 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Brownson RC, Baker EA, Housemann RA, et al. Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (12): 1995–2003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. De Bourdeaudhuij I, Sallis J. Relative contribution of psychosocial variables to the explanation of physical activity in three population-based adult samples. Prev Med 2002; 34 (2): 279–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Nied RJ, Franklin B. Promoting and prescribing exercise for the elderly. Am Fam Phys 2002; 65 (3): 419–26.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yip JY, Wilber KH, Myrtle RC, et al. Comparison of older adult subject and proxy responses on the SF-36 heatlh-related quality of life instrument. Aging Ment Health 2001; 5 (2): 136–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rockwood K, Stadnyk K, MacKnight C, et al. A brief clinical instrument to classify frailty in elderly people. Lancet 1999; 353: 205–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Martin K, Jarvis LA, Beale B. Healthy lifestyle check: a computerized health screening program. Comput Nurs 1997; 15 (2): 77–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Macera CA, Ham SA, Jones DA, et al. Limitations on the use of a single screening question to measure sedentary behavior. Am J Public Health 2001; 91 (12): 2010–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hlatky MA, Boothroyd D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Quality-of-life and depressive symptoms in postmenopausal women after receiving hormone therapy: results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) trial. JAMA 2002 Feb 6; 287 (5): 591–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Conway JM, Seale JL, Jacobs Jr DR, et al. Comparison of energy expenditure estimates from doubly labeled water, a physical activity questionnaire, and physical activity records. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75 (3): 519–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Charleton KE, Lambert EV, Kreft J. Physical activity, change in blood pressure and predictors of mortality in older South Africans: a 2-year follow-up study. S Afr Med J 1997 Sep 87; 9: 1124–30.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Byberg L, Zethelius B, McKeigue PM, et al. Changes in physical activity are associated with changes in metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 2134–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kriska AM, Hanley AJ, Harris SB, et al. Physical activity, physical fitness, and insulin and glucose concentrations in an isolated Native Canadian population experiencing rapid lifestyle change. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1787–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hagberg JM, Zmuda JM, McCole SD, et al. Moderate physical activity is associated with higher bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49 (11): 1411–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Rejeski WJ, Milhalko SL. Physical activity and quality of life in older adults. J Gerontol 2001; 56A (2 Suppl.): 23–35.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chin A, Paw MJ, de Jong N, et al. Physical exercise or micronutrient supplementation for the wellbeing of the frail elderly? A randomized controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (2): 126–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Aranceta J, Perez-Rodrigo C, Gondra J, et al. Community-based programme to promote physical activity among elderly people: the GeroBilbo study. J Nutr Health Aging 2001; 5 (4): 238–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kohrt WM. Osteoprotective benefits of exercise: more pain, less gain? J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49 (11): 1565–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Satcher DS. Executive summary: a report of the Surgeon General on mental health. Public Health Rep 2000; 115: 89–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sainsbury P. Promoting mental health: recent progress and problems in Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54 (2): 82–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lang M. Screening for cognitive impairment in the older adult. Nurse Pract 2001; 26 (11): 26, 32–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Seeman TE, McEwen BS, Singer BH, et al. W. Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 2458–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Asakawa T, Koyano W, Ando T, et al. Effects of functional decline on quality of life among rhe Japanese elderly. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2000; 50 (4): 319–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Patrick DL, Kinne S, Engelberg RA, et al. Functional status and perceived quality of life in adults with and without chronic conditions. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 779–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stedman T. Approaches to measuring quality of life and their relevance to mental health. Aust N Z J Psych 1996; 30: 731–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Xavier FM, Ferraza MP, Argimon I, et al. The DSM-IV ‘minor depression’ disorder in the oldest-old: prevalence rate, sleep patterns, memory function and quality of life in elderly people of Italian descent in Southern Brazil. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17 (2): 107–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Sarvimaki A, Stenbock-Hult B. Quality of life in old age described as a sense of well-being, meaning and value. J Adv Nurs 2000; 32 (4): 1025–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sullivan MD, Kempen GI, Van Sonderen E, et al. Models of health-related quality of life in a population of community-dwelling Dutch elderly. Qual Life Res 2000; 9 (7): 801–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kressin NR, Spiro A, Skinner KM. Negative affectivity and health-related quality of life. Med Care 2000; 38: 858–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hendy HM, Nelson GK, Greco ME. Social cognitive predictors of nutritional risk in rural elderly adults. Int J Aging Hum Dev 1998; 47 (4): 299–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Secker J. Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion. Health Educ Res 1998; 13: 57–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Miller AM, Iris M. Health promotion attitudes and strategies of older adults. Health Educ Behav 2002; 29 (2): 249–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Othaganont P, Sinthuvorakan C, Jensupakarn P. Daily living practices of the life-satisfied Thai elderly. J Transcult Nurs 2002; 13 (1): 24–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  72. Allaire JC, Marsiske M. Well- and ill-defined measures of everyday cognition: relationship to older adults’ intellectual ability and functional status. Psychol Aging 2002; 17 (1): 101–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Njegovan V, Hing MM, Mitchell SL, et al. The hierarchy of functional loss associated with cognitive decline in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56 (10): M638–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Thornton KA, Tuck I. Promoting the mental health of elderly African Americans: a case illustration. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2000; 14 (4): 191–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lucas JA, Orshan SA, Cook F. Determinants of health-promoting behavior among women ages 65 and above living in the community. Schol Inq Nurs Pract 2000; 14 (1): 77–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ferraro KF, Farmer MM. Double jeopardy to health hypothesis for African Americans: analysis and critique. J Health Soc Behav 1996; 37: 27–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. US Census Bureau. Projections of the total resident population by 5-year age groups, race, and Hispanic origin, with special age categories: middle series, 1999–2100. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2000.

  78. Smith J, Kington R. Race, socioeconomic status, and health in late life. In: Martin L, Soldo B, editors. Racial and ethnic differences in the health of older American. National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997: 106–62.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Massey DS, Denton NA. Hypersegregation in US metropolitan areas: black and Hispanic segregation along five dimensions. Demography 1989; 26: 373–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mutran E, Sudha S. Ethnic and racial groups, similar or different, and how do we measure? Res Aging 2000; 22 (6): 589–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Wallace SP. The no-care zone: availability, accessibility, and acceptability in community-based long-term care. Gerontologist 1990; 30: 254–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. US Census Bureau. Current population survey 2002 annual demographic supplement. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kubzansky L, Berkman L, Seeman T. Social conditions and distress in elderly persons: findings from the Mac Arthur studies of successful aging. J Gerontol 2000; 55 (4): 238–46.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Fiscella K, Franks P. Does psychological distress contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality? Soc Sci Med 1997; 45 (12): 1805–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wofle CB. Introductory remarks and policy recommendations: nutrition research and the elderly ii: the role of nutrition in long term care. Nutr Rev 1996; 54 (1): IIS3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Administration on Aging. Elderly Nutrition Program [online]. Available from URL: http://www.aoa.dhhs.gov/factsheets/enp.html [Accessed 2003 Feb 28].

  87. Kennedy JP. Remarks from the Honorable Joseph P. Kennedy II, Massachusetts 8th District, The United States House of Representatives, Washington, DC. Nutr Rev 1996 Jan; 54(1): S57–8.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Millen BE, Ohls JC, Ponza M, et al. The elderly nutrition program: an effective national framework for preventive nutrition interventions. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102 (2): 234–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. United States General Accounting Office. Food assistance: options for improving nutrition for older Americans. Washington, DC; United States General Accounting Office, 2000 Aug. Report no.: RCED-00-239 .

  90. Sahyoun NR. Nutrition education for the healthy elderly population: isn’t it time? J Nutr Educ Behav 2002; 34 (1 Suppl.): S42–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Federal Inter-Agency Forum on Aging-related Statistics. Older Americans 2000: key indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2000.

  92. Fox T, Brummit PS, Ferguson-Wolf M, et al. Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition, aging, and the continuum of care. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100 (5): 580–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. American Society on Aging. Live well, live long: steps to better health. Health promotion and disease prevention for older adults. 2002. Available from URL: http://www.asaging.org/cdc/modulel [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  94. Health Promotion Research Center. History of the lifetime fitness program. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2002; Available from URL: http://www.depts.washington.edu/hprc/Current_Projects/Lifetimefitness.htm [Accessed 2003 Feb 28].

  95. Bates CJ, Benton D, Biesalski HK, et al. Nutrition and aging: a consensus statement. J Nutr Health Aging 2002; 6 (1): 91–2.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Binns CW, Leong JF. Public health nutrition: results and research. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000; 12: S18–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development. Towards a society for all ages. Available from URL: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/ageall.htm [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  98. Apolone G, De Carli G, Brunetti M, et al. Health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) and regulatory issues. Pharmacoeconomics 2001; 19 (2): 187–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Reuters Health. US retirees face greater drug cost sharing. MEDLINEplus [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_7170.html [Accessed 2002 Apr 17].

  100. Greenberg PE, Arcelus A, Birnbaum HG, et al. Pharmacoeconomics and health policy: current applications and prospects for the future. Pharmacoeconomics 1999; 16: 425–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion; 1986 Nov 21; Ottawa (ON). Available from URL: http://www.who.int/hpr/archive/docs/ottawa.html [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  102. International Conference on Population and Development, United Nations. Programme of Action of the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development. 1994 Sep 5–13; Cairo. Available from URL: http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/Cairo/program/p00000.html [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  103. World Health Organization. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference. 1946 Jun 1–22; New York. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/ [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  104. World Health Organization. Active ageing: a policy framework. Contribution of the World Health Organization to the United Nations World Assembly on Aging. 2002 Apr; Madrid. Available from URL: http://www.who.int/hpr/ageing/ActiveAgeingPolicyFrame.pdf [Accessed 2003 Mar 21].

  105. Drewnowski A, Evans WJ. Nutrition, physical activity, and quality of life in older adults: summary. J Gerontol 2001; 56A (Special Issue II): 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Reuters. UN offers action plan for a world aging rapidly. New York Times 2002 Apr 14.

  107. International Plan of Action on Ageing 2002, Advance Unedited Copy. Second United Nations World Assembly on Ageing; 2002 Apr 12; Madrid. Available from URL: http://www.un.org/ageing/documents.htm [Accessed 2003 Feb 27].

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Eva Almiron-Roig and Brendan McKinnon-Patterson for their assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. This manuscript was prepared without assistance from sources of funding or involving conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, 305 Raitt Hall #353410, Seattle, Washington, 98195-3410, USA

    Adam Drewnowski (Director, Professor), Elaine Monsen, Diana Birkett, Susan Gunther, Susan Vendeland, Jeff Su & Gillian Marshall

Authors
  1. Adam Drewnowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elaine Monsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Diana Birkett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Susan Gunther
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Susan Vendeland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeff Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Gillian Marshall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adam Drewnowski.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Drewnowski, A., Monsen, E., Birkett, D. et al. Health Screening and Health Promotion Programs for the Elderly. Dis-Manage-Health-Outcomes 11, 299–309 (2003). https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200311050-00003

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200311050-00003

Keywords

Search

Navigation