Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Management of HIV Infection

The Potential Role of the Lamivudine/Zidovudine Combination Formulation

  • Drugs in Disease Management
  • Published:
Disease Management and Health Outcomes

Abstract

HIV disease is a serious global health problem and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It has recently been estimated that more than 30 million adults and 1.1 million children are infected with HIV; it is expected that 40 million people will have acquired the virus by the year 2000. The high costs of treating patients with HIV infection place a heavy burden on healthcare resources.

Primary aims of management of patients with HIV infection are decreased morbidity and improved survival via sustained suppression of HIV replication and the prevention of emergence of drug-resistant virus. Triple therapy with combinations of antiretroviral drugs is now regarded as optimal treatment and is the standard of care in most developed countries. Two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as lamivudine and zidovudine, plus a protease inhibitor or a non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor are among the combinations of drugs recommended for initial or second-line treatment.

A combination formulation of lamivudine and zidovudine has recently become available; it can be taken as a single tablet twice daily rather than as 8 tablets per day when the 2 drugs are given separately.

Combination therapy with lamivudine and zidovudine (as dual therapy or in combination with another nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor) decreases the rate of HIV disease progression in antiretroviral therapy-naive or -experienced patients. Dual therapy with lamivudine and zidovudine or triple therapy with lamivudine and zidovudine-containing regimens produces reductions in HIV RNA levels and improvements in CD4+ cell counts.

Lamivudine plus zidovudine therapy, alone or in combination with other drugs, is generally well tolerated. Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common events reported during dual therapy with the 2 drugs. Neutropenia and anaemia may also occur during combination therapy with lamivudine and zidovudine and blood counts must be monitored regularly for signs of haematological toxicity.

Thus, the combination formulation of lamivudine and zidovudine has a potentially useful role as a component of initial or second-line treatment regimens for patients with HIV infection. Reducing the number of tablets that have to be taken each day simplifies the administration of lamivudine and zidovudine. The combination formulation is likely to be particularly beneficial in the management of patients who find it difficult to adhere to more complex treatment regimens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. GlaxoWellcome USA. Lamivudine/zidovudine prescribing information. 1998

  2. Perry CM, Faulds D. Lamivudine: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of HIV infection. Drugs 1997 Apr; 53: 657–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wilde MI, Langtry HD. Zidovudine: an update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1993; 46: 515–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Chin J, Sato PA, Mann JM. Projections of HIV infections and AIDS cases to the year 2000. Bull WHO 1990; 68(1): 1–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Langtry HD, Palmer KJ, Benfield P. Zidovudine: a review of pharmacoeconomic and quality-of-life considerations for its use in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Pharmacoeconomics 1993 Apr; 3: 309–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Eron JJ, Benoit SL, Jemsek J, et al. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1995 Dec 21; 333: 1662–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Anon. The pathogenesis of AIDS. Sci Med 1997 Mar–Apr; 4: 6–13

  8. Anon. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992 Dec 18; 41(RR-17): 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  9. Miedema F, Klein MR. AIDS pathogenesis: a finite immune response to blame? Science 1996 Apr 26; 272: 505–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Phillips AN, Eron JJ, Bartlett JA, et al. HIV-1 RNA levels and the development of clinical disease. AIDS 1996 Jul; 10: 859–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Doran CM. New approaches to using antiretroviral therapy for the management of HIV Infection. Ann Pharmacother 1997 Feb; 31: 228–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Carpenter CCJ, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA panel. JAMA 1997 Jun 25; 277: 1962–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wainberg MA, Friedland G. Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance. JAMA 1998 Jun 24; 279: 1977–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Goldberg B, Stricker RB. HIV protease and the pathogenesis of AIDS. Res Virol 1996 Nov–Dec; 147: 375–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Anon. Recent statistics on the global burden of HIV infection/AIDS. Pharmacoecon Outcomes News 1997; 141: 11

  16. Quinn TC. Global burden of the HIV pandemic. Lancet 1996 (348): 99–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ziegler JB, Palasanthiran P. Paediatric HIV update. J Paediatr Child Health 1997 Oct; 33: 373–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wortley PM, Fleming PL. AIDS in women in the United States: recent trends. JAMA 1997 Sep 17; 278: 911–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Downs AM, Heisterkamp SH, Brunet J-B, et al. Reconstruction and prediction of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among adults in the European Union and in the low prevalence countries of central and eastern Europe. AIDS 1997 Apr; 11: 649–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Denning PH, Jones JL, Ward JW. Recent trends in the HIV epidemic in adolescent and young adult gay and bisexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndrom Hum Retrovirol 1997 Dec 15; 16: 374–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen HX, Ryan PA, Ferguson RP, et al. Characteristics of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in older adults. J Am Geriate Soc 1998 Feb; 46: 153–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Betts CD, Astarloa L, Bloch C, et al. The changing face of AIDS in Argentina. JAMA 1996 Jul 10; 276: 94–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Surasiengsunk S, Kiranandana S, Wongboonsin K, et al. Demographic impact of the HIV epidemic in Thailand. AIDS 1998 May 7; 12: 775–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Houweling H, Hamers FH, Termorshuizen F, et al. A birth cohort analysis of AIDS in Europe: high incidence among young persons at risk. AIDS 1998 Jan; 12: 85–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hamers FF, Batter V, Downs AM, et al. The HIV epidemic associated with injecting drug use in Europe: geographic and time trends. AIDS 1997 Sep; 11: 1365–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z. Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS. Immunol Today 1995 Apr; 16: 187–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Law MG, Downs AM, Brunet J-P, et al. Time trends in HIV infection among pregnant women in Europe. AIDS 1998 Jan 22; 12: 211–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Conti S, Lepri AC, Farchi G, et al. AIDS: a major health problem among young Italian women. AIDS 1996 Apr; 10: 407–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Goldsmith MF. Critical moment at hand in HIV/AIDS pandemic, new global strategy to arrest its spread proposed. JAMA 1992; 268: 445–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Update: trends in AIDS incidence–United States, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997 Sep 19; 46: 861-7

  31. Gable CB, Tierce JC, Simison D, et al. Costs of HrV+/AIDS at CD4+ counts disease stages based on treatment protocols. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndrom Hum Retrovirol 1996 Aug 1; 12: 413–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chancellor JV, Hill AM, Sabin CA, et al. Modelling the cost effectiveness of lamivudine/zidovudine combination therapy in HIV infection. Pharmacoeconomics 1997 Jul; 12: 54–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Johnson VA. New developments in antiretroviral drug therapy for HIV-1 infections. AIDS Clin Rev 1995-96: 305-46

    Google Scholar 

  34. Carpenter CCJ, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 1998 Jul 4; 280: 78–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lipsky JJ. Antiretroviral drugs for AIDS. Lancet 1996 Sep 21; 348: 800–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gazzard B, Moyle G, et al. 1998 revision to the British HIV association guidelines for antiretroviral treatment of HIV seropositive individuals. Lancet 1998; 352: 314–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Greener M. Recent advances in the treatment of HIV disease. AIDS Lett 1998 (65): 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  38. Perry CM, Benfield P. Nelfinavir. Drugs 1997 Jul; 54: 81–7 (discussion 88)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Adkins JC, Peters DH, Faulds D. Zalcitabine: an update of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy in the management of HIV infection. Drugs 1997 Jun; 53: 1054–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lea AP, Faulds D. Ritonavir. Drugs 1996 Oct; 52: 541–6 (discussion 547-8)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Perry CM, Noble S. Saquinavir soft-gel capsule formulation: a review of its use in patients with HIV infection. Drugs 1998; 55(3): 461–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lea AP, Faulds D. Stavudine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical potential in HIV infection. Drugs 1996; 51(5): 846–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Patel SS, Benfield P. Nevirapine. Clin Immunother 1996; 6(4): 307–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Deeks SG, Smith M, Holodniy M, et al. HIV-1 protease inhibitors: a review for clinicians. JAMA 1997 Jan 8; 277: 145–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Daly P, Green SL, Freimuth WW, et al. An open-label randomized study of Rescriptor (DLV, delavirdine mesylate) in triple and quadruple combinations with zidovudine (ZDV), in-dinavir (IDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in HTV-1 infected individuals [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 84

    Google Scholar 

  46. Staszewski S, Morales-Ramirez J, Flanigan T, et al. A phase II, multicenter, randomized, open-label study to compare the antiretroviral activity and tolerability of efavirenz (EFV) + indinavir (IDV), versus EFV + zidovudine (ZDV) + lamivudine (3TC) versus IDV + ZDV + 3TC at 24 weeks [DMP 266-006] [abstract] [Poster]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 330

    Google Scholar 

  47. Haas D, Seekins D, Cooper R, et al. A phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose ranging study to assess the antiretroviral activity and safety of efavirenz (EFV Sustiva, DMP 266) in combination with open-label zidovudine with lamivudine at 36 weeks [DMP 266-005] [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 330

    Google Scholar 

  48. Morales-Ramirez J, Tashima K, Hardy D, et al. A phase II, multicenter, randomized. open label study to compare the antiretroviral activity and tolerability of Efavirenz (EFV) + Indinavir (IDV), versus EFV + zidovudine (ZDV)+lamivudine (3TC), versus IDV + 3TC AT >36 weeks PMP 266-006] [abstract]. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego, 394

    Google Scholar 

  49. Anon. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV infection. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998; 47(RR-4): 1–31

  50. Larder BA. Viral resistance and the selection of antiretroviral combinations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995; 10 Suppl 1: S28–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kuritzkes DR, Quinn JB, Benoit SL, et al. Drug resistance and virologic response in NUCA 3001, a randomized trial of lamivudine (3TC) versus zidovudine (ZDV) versus ZDV plus 3TC in previously untreated patients. AIDS 1996 Aug; 10: 975–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Moyle GJ. Use of viral resistance patterns to antiretroviral drugs in optimising selection of drug combinations and sequences. Drugs 1996; 52(2): 168–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, de Jong D, et al. Lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants (184V) require multiple amino acid changes to become co-resistant to zidovudine in vivo. J Infect Dis 1997 Aug; 176: 398–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Harrigan PR, Kinghorn I, Kohli A, et al. Virological response to AZT/3TC combination therapy in AZT-naive patients (Trial NUCB 3001) [abstract]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndrom Hum Retrovirol 1995; 10 Suppl. 3: S27–8

    Google Scholar 

  55. Miller V, Phillips A, Rottmann C, et al. Dual resistance to zidovudine and lamivudine in patients treated with zidovudine-lamivudine combination therapy: association with therapy failure. J Infect Dis 1998 Jun; 177: 1521–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Data on file. 1998 (GlaxoWellcome Inc. North Carolina, USA)

  57. Moore KHP, Lloyd PP, Duncan B, et al. Bioequivalence of Combivir tablets and Epivir plus Retrovir tablets [abstract]. 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 1998 Feb 1–5; Chicago, 205

    Google Scholar 

  58. Shepp DH, Ramirez-Ronda C, Dall C, et al. Acomparative trial of zidovudine administered every four hours versus every twelve hours for the treatment of advanced HIV disease. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndrom Hum Retrovirol 1997 Aug 1; 15(4): 283–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bartlett JA, Benoit SL, Johnson VA et al. Lamivudine plus zidovudine compared with zalcitabine plus zidovudine in patients with HIV infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Ann Intern Med 1996 Aug 1; 125: 161–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Staszewski S, Loveday C, Picazo JJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in zidovudine-experienced patients: a randomized controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. JAMA 1996 Jul 10; 276: 111–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Rozenbaum W, Chauveau E. Phase 3 study of the antiviral activity of AZT+3TC given as separate regimens versus a new fixed dose combination (COMBIVIR) [abstract]. 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 1998 Feb 1–5; Chicago [669]

    Google Scholar 

  62. Yetzer E, Eron J, Shaefer M, et al. Combivir (Lamivudine (3TC) 150mg/Zidovudine (ZDV) 300mg) given BID + a protease inhibitor (PI) compared with 3TC 150 mg BID and ZDV 200 mg TID + a PI [abstract]. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego, 440

    Google Scholar 

  63. Shaefer M, Eron J, Yetzer E, et al. Combivir (lamivudine (3TC) 150 mg/zidovudine (ZDV) 300 mg) given BID plus a protease inhibitor (PI) compared to 3TC 150mg BID and ZDV 200mg TID plus a PI [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 55

    Google Scholar 

  64. Henry K, Shaeffer MS, Bellman P, et al. Preliminary data of effective switch/intensification treatment with Combivir and Ziagen in therapy-experienced patients. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 Sep 24–27; San Diego, 392

    Google Scholar 

  65. Caesar Coordinating Committee. Randomised trial of addition of lamivudine or lamivudine plus loviride to zidovudine-containing regimens for patients with HIV-1 infection: the CAESAR trial. Lancet 1997 May 17; 349: 1413–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. van Leeuwen R, Lange JMA, Nijhuis M, et al. Results of long-term follow-up of HIV-infected patients treated with lamivudine monotherapy, followed by a combination of lamivudine and zidovudine. Antiviral Ther 1997 Apr; 2: 79–90

    Google Scholar 

  67. Katlama C, Ingrand D, Loveday C, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a randomized controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. JAMA 1996 Jul 10; 276: 118–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1997 Sep 11; 337: 734–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ruiz L, Romeu J, Martínez-Picado J, et al. Efficacy of triple combination therapy with zidovudine (ZDV) plus zalcitabine (ddC) plus lamivudine (3TC) versus double (ZDV+3TC) combination therapy in patients previously treated with ZDV+ddC. AIDS 1996 Dec; 10: F61–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Staszewski S, Hill AM, Bartlett J, et al. Reductions in HIV-1 disease progression for zidovudine/lamivudine relative to control treatments: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. AIDS 1997 Mar 15; 11: 477–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lafeuillade A, Poggi C, Djediouane A, et al. A pilot study of a combination of three reverse transcriptase inhibitors in HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Ther 1997 Dec; 2: 219–27

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Gallant J, Seekins D, Hicks C, et al. A phase II, double-blind, placebo-control, dose-ranging study to assess the antiretroviral activity and safety of Efavirenz (EFV, SUSTIVA, DMP266) in combination with open-label zidovudine (ZDV) w/lamivudine (3TC) at >48 weeks.[DMP266-005]. 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Sep 24–27; San Diego, 441

  73. Boucher CAB, Borleffs J, et al. Long-term evaluation of saquinavir-soft-gel-capsule or indinavir as part of combination triple therapy (CHEESE study) [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 65

    Google Scholar 

  74. Borleffs JC, Boucher CA, Bravenboer B, et al. Saquinavir-soft gelatine capsules versus indinavir as part of AZT and 3TC containing triple therapy [abstract]. 37th ICAAC 1997 Sep 28: 260

  75. Eron J, Peterson D, Murphy R, et al. An open-label, randomized, comparative study of d4T + ddI + IDV versus ZDV + 3TC + IDV in treatment naive HIV-infected patients (START II) [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 812

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mayers D, Jemsak J, Eyster E, et al. A double-blind, placebocontrolled study to assess the safety, tolerability and antiretroviral activity of efavirenz (EFV, Sustiva DMP 266) in combination with open-label zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in HIV-1 infected patients [DMP 266-004] [abstract]. 12th World AIDS Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 331

    Google Scholar 

  77. Montaner JSG, DeMasi R, Hill AM. The effects of lamivudine treatment on HIV-1 disease progression are highly correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 cell count. AIDS 1998 Mar 26; 12: F23–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eron J, Yetzer E, Poertz D, et al. Combivir, a fixed formulation of lamivudine (3TC) 150 mg and zidovudine (ZDV) 300 mg given BID plus a protease inhibitor (PI) compared to 3TC 150 mg BID and ZDV 200 mg TID plus a PI [abstract]. 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 1998 Feb 1–5, Chicago, 151

    Google Scholar 

  79. Hirsch M, Meibohm A, Rawlins S, et al. Indinavir (IDV) in combination with zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) in ZDV-experienced patients with CD4+ cell counts <50 cells/mm3 [abstract]. 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 1997 Jan 22–26; Washington, DC 1997

    Google Scholar 

  80. Wintergerst U, Hoffman F, Solder B, et al. Comparison of two antiretroviral triple combinations including the protease inhibitor indinavir in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998 Jun; 17: 495–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Elwood E. Efavirenz offers new options in HIV infection. In-pharma 1998; 1(1148): 5–6

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hill A, Gazzard B, AVANTI Steering Committee, et al. Low frequency of genotypic mutations associated with resistance to AZT and 3TC after combination treatment with indinavir [abstract]. 12th World Conference. 1998 Jun 28–Jul 3; Geneva, 812

    Google Scholar 

  83. Styrt BA, Piazza-Hepp TD, Chikami GK. Clinical toxicity of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs. Antiviral Res 1996 Jul; 31: 121–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bateman H, Centeno LV, Bielory L. Rheumatic syndromes associated with HIV infection: diagnosis, pathogenesis and management. Biodrugs 1997 Mar; 7: 203–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. US audit of HIV drug use in 1997. Pharmacoecon Outcomes News 1998 Feb 7; 148: 11

  86. Todd C. Lamivudine spares resources in HIV infection, reveals CAESAR study. Pharmacoecon Outcomes News 1998; 27(168): 3–4

    Google Scholar 

  87. Jack DB. The cost of treating HIV disease and associated infections. Inpharma 1997 Feb 1; 1072: 7–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Scott-Lennox JA, Mills RJ, Burt MS. Impact of zidovudine plus lamivudine or zalcitabine on health-related quality of life. Ann Pharmacother 1998 May; 32: 525–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Adis International Limited, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 10, New Zealand

    Caroline M. Perry & Julia A. Barman Balfour

Authors
  1. Caroline M. Perry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Julia A. Barman Balfour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Caroline M. Perry.

Additional information

Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: J.A. Bartlett, Duke University Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; C.C.J. Carpenter, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, USA; C. Katlama, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France; D.R. Kuritzkes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA; M.A. Wainberg, McGill University AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; M. Youle, Royal Free Hospital, London, England.

Data Selection

Sources: Medical literature published in any language since 1966 on lamivudine and zidovudine, identified using AdisBase (a proprietary database of Adis International, Auckland, New Zealand), Medline and EMBASE. Additional references were identified from the reference lists of published articles. Bibliographical information, including contributory unpublished data, was also requested from the company developing the drug.

Search strategy: AdisBase, Medline and EMBASE search terms were ‘lamivudine’, ‘zidovudine’, ‘acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome’, ‘epidemiology’, ‘pharmacoeconomics’, ‘cost-of-illness’, ‘guidelines’, ‘decision-making’, ‘health policy’, ‘disease management’ and ‘epidemiology’. Searches were last updated 3 Nov 1998.

Selection: Studies in patients with HIV infection who received lamivudine and zidovudine. Inclusion of studies was based mainly on the methods section of the trials. When available, large, well controlled trials with appropriate statistical methodology were preferred. Relevant pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data are also included.

Index terms: Lamivudine, zidovudine, HIV infection, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacoeconomics, therapeutic use.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Perry, C.M., Balfour, J.A.B. Management of HIV Infection. Dis-Manage-Health-Outcomes 4, 277–293 (1998). https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-199804050-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-199804050-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation