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Le traitement du diabète de type 2: aspects médico-économiques

Un regard non conventionnel

  • Current Opinion
  • Published:
Disease Management and Health Outcomes

Abstract

Medical and Economic Considerations in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: An Unconventional Approach

Non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes) is a frequently occurring disease associated with high costs. The treatment, complications and hospitalisation resulting from diabetes represent a considerable proportion of direct health costs. Moreover, in addition to these initial expenses, there are indirect costs, such as those resulting from loss of productivity. This article reports on the current issues related to the difficulty of performing an economic analysis of type 2 diabetes.

There is probably not one single form of type 2 diabetes. The condition, which is currently classified as such, in reality covers a number of pathogenic mechanisms, none of which are as yet clearly understood.

With regard to cost-benefit, certain aspects of the disease are nevertheless more clearly understood nowadays, particularly patient education, screening and the treatment of complications. Training related to treatment does reduce the costs associated with type 2 diabetes and improves the quality of treatment. This particular aspect of education was initiated by Bouchardat in 1875. Davidson’s patient education, which reduced the number of comas and amputations, also proved beneficial from an economic standpoint. In Germany today, training and structured treatment programmes are available for medical practice settings. Practitioners and their assistants may attend specialised training seminars.

A study carried out in Hamburg has shown that this therapeutic approach is effective and financially beneficial. A programme for patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin is also in place within the same organisation. Practitioners are paid 250 Deutschmarks per patient for 5 sessions. To date, the programme has proven successful. A study carried out in Iena has shown that, within community practice, this programme is just as effective as hospital training.

In the context of screening for complications, programmes aimed at screening for risks must be initiated modelled on the Sheffield programme for foot pathology, where results have proven both interesting and profitable. The same applies to the screening and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.

For elderly patients with type 2 diabetes, the major objective is to avoid symptoms and, for younger patients, the complications. No study has as yet shown the efficacy of oral antidiabetic agents in reaching these therapeutic goals. Measures that improve glycaemia are not necessarily advantageous for patients. Diabetologists should learn from the recent studies on arterial hypertension, which have shown that long term studies are necessary for a valid judgement to be made concerning any particular approach.

Résumé

Le diabète de type 2 est une maladie fréquente et très coûteuse. Le traitement, les complications et les hospitalisations dus au diabète représentent une part considérable des dépenses directes de santé. Par ailleurs, des dépenses indirectes (perte de productivité...) viennent s’ajouter à ces coûts. Cet article présente les problèmes posés par l’analyse économique du diabète de type 2. Il n’existe probablement pas qu’un seul diabète de type 2. Ce que l’on classe aujourd’hui comme tel recouvre en réalité plusieurs mécanismes pathogéniques encore mal connus.

En revanche, en ce qui concerne le rapport coût-bénéfice, certains éléments sont actuellement mieux connus. Il s’agit essentiellement de l’éducation des patients, du dépistage et du traitement des complications. L’enseignement thérapeutique permet de diminuer le coût du diabète de type 2 et d’améliorer la qualité du traitement. Bouchardat a initié cet enseignement dès 1875. L’éducation des patients de Davidson était également bénéfique grâce à la réduction du nombre de comas et d’amputations. En Allemagne, des programmes d’enseignement et de traitement structurés sont actuellement en place pour les cabinets médicaux. Les médecins et leurs collaborateurs suivent une formation spécialisée lors de séminaires.

Une étude réalisée à Hambourg a montré l’efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique qui a permis d’effectuer des économies réelles. Il existe également un programme destiné aux patients diabétiques de type 2 traités à l’insuline. Les médecins sont payés 250 Deutsch Marks par patient pour 5 cours et ce programme s’avère tout à fait bénéfique. Une autre étude réalisée à Iéna a montré que l’efficacité de ce programme en cabinet médical de ville est comparable à un enseignement en milieu hospitalier.

Quant aux complications, des programmes de dépistage des risques doivent être initiés, selon l’exemple de celui de Sheffield concernant la pathologie des pieds et dont les résultats sont tout à fait satisfaisants. Il en est de même pour le dépistage et le traitement de la rétinopathie diabétique.

Pour les diabétiques de type 2 âgés, il s’agit d’éviter les symptômes et pour les plus jeunes, les complications. Aucune étude n’a démontré l’efficacité des antidiabétiques oraux pour arriver à ces objectifs de traitement. Une démarche qui permet d’améliorer la glycémie n’est pas obligatoirement bénéfique pour les patients. Les diabétologues doivent retenir les enseignements des études récentes sur l’hypertension artérielle qui ont montré la nécessité d’un recul suffisant avant de juger la validité d’un traitement.

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Jörgens, V. Le traitement du diabète de type 2: aspects médico-économiques. Dis-Manage-Health-Outcomes 4 (Suppl 1), 51–60 (1998). https://doi.org/10.2165/00115677-199804001-00005

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