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Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes Mellitus

  • review article
  • Exercise and Diabetic Mitochondria
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Abstract

The physiopathology of diabetes mellitus has been closely associated with a variety of alterations in mitochondrial histology, biochemistry and function. Generally, the alterations comprise increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation, resulting in oxidative stress and damage; decreased capacity to metabolize lipids, leading to intramyocyte lipid accumulation; and diminished mitochondrial density and reduced levels of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), with consequent impairment in mitochondrial function. Chronic physical exercise is a physiological stimulus able to induce mitochondrial adaptations that can counteract the adverse effects of diabetes on muscle mitochondria. However, the mechanisms responsible for mitochondrial adaptations in the muscles of diabetic patients are still unclear. The main mechanisms by which exercise may be considered an important non-pharmacological strategy for preventing and/or attenuating diabetes-induced mitochondrial impairments may involve (i) increased mitochondrial biogenesis, which is dependent on the increased expression of some important proteins, such as the ‘master switch’ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and heat shock proteins (HSPs), both of which are severely downregulated in the muscles of diabetic patients; and (ii) the restoration or attenuation of the low UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle mitochondria of diabetic patients, which is suggested to play a pivotal role in mitochondrial dysfunction.

There is evidence that chronic exercise and lifestyle interventions reverse impairments in mitochondrial density and size, in the activity of respiratory chain complexes and in cardiolipin content; however, the mechanisms by which chronic exercise alters mitochondrial respiratory parameters, mitochondrial antioxidant systems and other specific proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism in the muscles of diabetic patients remain to be elucidated.

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Acknowledgements

José A. Lumini and António Ascensão are supported by grants from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/30906/2006 and SFRH/BPD/4225/2007, respectively). The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    José A. Lumini, José Magalhães &  António Ascensão

  2. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal

    José A. Lumini

  3. Department of Zoology, Centre of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Paulo J. Oliveira

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  1. José A. Lumini
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  2. José Magalhães
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  3. Paulo J. Oliveira
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  4. António Ascensão
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Correspondence to António Ascensão.

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Lumini, J.A., Magalhães, J., Oliveira, P.J. et al. Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes Mellitus. sports med 38, 735–750 (2008). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838090-00003

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