Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Management of Sport-Related Concussion in Young Athletes

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sport-related head injuries are a common clinical problem. Most head injuries in young athletes are mild traumatic brain injuries or concussions. The highest number of sport-related concussions has been reported in American football. In addition to the well described physical and psychosocial growth, there is ongoing neurocognitive development of the brain during childhood and through adolescence. This developmental process has direct implications in the assessment and management of head injuries in young athletes. Research on the management and long-term outcome following brain injuries in young athletes is limited. Traditionally, the assessment of concussion has been based on clinical history and physical and neurological examination. Increasingly, neuropsychological testing, especially computerised testing, is providing objective measures for the initial assessment and follow-up of young athletes following brain injuries. Numerous guidelines have been published for grading and return to play criteria following concussion; however, none of these have been prospectively validated by research and none are specifically applicable to children and adolescents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Table II
Table III
Table IV
Table V

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.

References

  1. Bailes JE, Cantu RC. Head injury in athletes. Neurosurgery 2001; 48 (1): 26–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Landry GL. Central nervous system trauma: management of concussions in athletes. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49 (4): 723–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Patel DR, Luckstead EF. Catastrophic pediatric sports injuries. Pediatr Clin North Am 2002; 49 (3): 581–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Grindel SH. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of minor traumatic brain injury. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003; 2: 18–23

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Covassin T, Swanik CB, Sachs ML. Epidemiological considerations of concussions among intercollegiate athletes. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 12–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Koh JO, Cassidy JD, Watkinson EJ. Incidence of concussion in contact sports: a systematic review of the evidence. Brain Inj 2003; 17 (10): 901–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Wojtys EM, Hovda D, Landry G, et al. Concussion in sports. Am J Sports Med 1999; 27 (5): 676–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Johnston K, McCrory P, Mohtadi N, et al. Concussion state of the art review, part 2: clinical science. Clin J Sport Med 2001; 11: 150–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pratt HD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Child and adolescent neurodevelopment and sport participation. In: De Lee JC, Drez D, Miller MD, editors. Orthopedic sports medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders, 2003: 624–42

    Google Scholar 

  10. McCrory P, Collie A, Anderson V, et al. Can we manage sport related concussion in children the same as in adults? Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 516–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Davis G, McCrory P. The paediatric sport-related concussion pilot study. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ommaya AK, Goldsmith W, Thibault L. Biomechanics and neuropathology of adult and paediatric head injury. Br J Neurosurg 2002; 16 (3): 220–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. McKeever CK, Schatz P. Current issues in the identification, assessment, and management of concussions in sports-related injuries. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 4–11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Powel JW, Barber-Foss KD. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA 1999; 282: 958–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. McCrory PR, Berkovic SF. Second impact syndrome. Neurology 1998; 50 (3): 677–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Field M, Collins MW, Lovell MR, et al. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J Pediatr 2003; 142: 546–53

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, et al. Grade 1 or ‘ding’ concussions in high school athletes. Am J Sport Med 2004; 32 (1): 47–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Collins MW, Lovell MR, Iverson GL, et al. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery 2002; 51 (5): 1175–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Iverson GL, et al. Recovery from mild concussion in high school athletes. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 296–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Quintana EC. Recovery from mild concussion in high school athletes. Ann Emerg Med 2004; 43 (5): 680–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Patel DR, Greydanus DE, Pratt HD. Youth sports: more than sprains and strains. Contemp Pediatr 2001; 18 (3): 45–76

    Google Scholar 

  22. Patel DR, Luckstead EF. Sports participation, risk taking, and health risk behaviors. Adolesc Med 2000; 11 (1): 141–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Millar K, Nicoll JA, Thornhill S, et al. Long term neuropsychological outcome after head injury: relation to APOE genotype. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (8): 1047–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nathoo N, Chetty R, van Dellen JR, et al. Genetic vulnerability following traumatic brain injury: the role of apolipoprotein E. Mol Pathol 2003; 56 (3): 132–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Liberman JN, Stewart WF, Wesnes K, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 and short term recovery from predominantly mild brain injury. Neurology 2002; 58 (7): 1038–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. McCrory P. Boxing and the brain: revisiting chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Samatovicz RA. Genetics and brain injury: apolipoprotein E. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2000; 15 (3): 869–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Genes and athletes. Adolesc Med 2002; 13 (2): 249–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ethics, molecular biology, and sports medicine. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (3): 142–3

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kelly JP. Traumatic brain injury and concussion in sports. JAMA 1999; 282 (10): 989–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, et al. Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. Sports Med 2001; 31 (8): 629–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. The management of concussion in sports. Neurology 1997; 48: 581–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the first International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Br J Sport Med 2002; 36: 6–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Collins MW, Hawn KL. The clinical management of sports concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002; 1: 12–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cantu RC. Guidelines for return to contact sports after a cerebral concussion. Phys Sportsmed 1986; 14: 75–83

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cantu RC. Return to play guidelines after a head injury. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17: 45–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Colorado Medical Society. Guidelines for the management of concussion in sports (rev). Denver (CO): Colorado Medical Society, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  38. Johnston KM, Lassonde M, Ptito A. A contemporary neurosurgical approach to sport-related head injury: the McGill concussion protocol. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 192 (4): 515–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bruno LA, Gennarelli TA, Torg JS. Management guidelines for head injuries in athletics. Clin Sports Med 1987; 6 (2): 17–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lovell M, Collins M, Bradley J. Return to play following sports-related concussion. Clin Sports Med 2004; 23 (3): 421–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cushman JG, Agarwal N, Fabian TC, et al. Practice management guidelines for the management of mild traumatic brain injury: the EAST practice management guidelines work group. J Trauma 2001; 51 (5): 1016–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sturmi JE, Smith C, Lombardo JA. Mild brain trauma in sports: diagnosis and management guidelines. Sports Med 1998; 25 (6): 351–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gebke KB. Mild traumatic brain injury. Curr Sport Med Rep 2002; 1: 23–7

    Google Scholar 

  44. Erlanger D, Kaushik T, Cantu RC, et al. Symptom-based assessment of the severity of a concussion. J Neurosurg 2003; 98: 477–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Maroon JC, et al. Inaccuracy of symptom reporting following concussion in athletes. Med Sci Sport Exerc 2002; 34 Suppl. 5

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hawn KL, Lovell MR, Collins MW, et al. Important markers of concussion severity: retrograde and anterograde amnesia. J Athl Train 2002; 37 Suppl. 2: S10

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lovell MR, Collins MW, Hawn KL, et al. Does brief loss of consciousness define concussion severity in athletes? J Athl Train 2002; 37 Suppl. 2: S11

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bleiberg J, Cernich AN, Cameron K, et al. Duration of cognitive impairment after sports concussion. Neurosurgery 2004; 54 (5): 1073–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. McCrory P, Johnstone K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 196–204

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Baker RJ, Patel DR. Sports related mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Indian J Pediatr 2000; 67 (5): 317–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kelly JP, Rosenberg JH. The diagnosis and management of concussion in sports. Neurology 1997; 48: 575–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Maroon JC, Field M, Lovell M, et al. The evaluation of athletes with cerebral concussion. Clin Neurosurg 2002; 49: 319–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. McCrea M, Kelly JP, Randolph C. Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC): on-site mental status evaluation of the athlete. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1998; 13 (2): 27–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. McCrea M. Standardized mental status assessment of sports concussion. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 176–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Barr WB, McCrea M. Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001; 7 (6): 693–702

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Headminder™: the science and technology of neurocognitive assessment [online]. Available from URL: http://www.headminder.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]

  57. ImPACT©: the best approach to concussion management [online]. Available from URL: http://www.impacttest.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]

  58. Maddocks DL, Dicker G, Saling MM. The assessment of orientation following concussion in athletes. Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5 (1): 32–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Maddocks D, Dicker G. An objective measure of recovery from concussion in Australian rules footballers. Sport Health 1989; 7 Suppl.: 6–7

    Google Scholar 

  60. Grindel SH, Lovell MR, Collins MW. The assessment of sport-related concussion: the evidence behind neuropsychological testing and management. Clin J Sport Med 2001; 11: 134–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Maroon JC, Lovell MR, Norwig J, et al. Cerebral concussion in athletes: evaluation and neuropsychological testing. Neurosurgery 2000; 47 (3): 659–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lovell MR. The relevance of neuropsychological testing in sports-related head injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2002; 1 (1): 7–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Barr WB. Neuropsychological testing in high school athletes: preliminary norms and test-retest indices. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18 (1): 91–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Capruso DX, Levin HS. Cognitive impairment following closed head injury. Neurol Clin 1992; 10 (4): 879–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hinton-Bayre AD, Geffen G. Severity of sports-related concussion and neuropsychological test performance. Neurology 2002; 59: 1068–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Collins MW, Field M, Lovell MR, et al. Relationship between postconcussion headache and neuropsychological test performance in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med 2003; 31 (2): 168–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Daniel JC, Olesniewicz MH, Reeves DL, et al. Repeated measures of cognitive processing efficiency in adolescent athletes: implications for monitoring recovery from concussion. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1999; 12 (3): 167–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Echemendia RJ, Putukian M, Mackin RC, et al. Neuropsychological test performance prior to and following sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 23–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Aster EJT, Kessels AG, Lezak MD, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players. JAMA 1999; 282 (10): 971–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Moriarity J, Collie A, Olson D, et al. A prospective controlled study of cognitive function during an amateur boxing tournament. Neurology 2004; 62 (9): 1497–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. McCrea M, Guskiewicz KM, Marshall SW, et al. Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290 (19): 2556–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Collins MW, Iverson GL, Lovell MR, et al. On-field predictors of neuropsychological and symptom deficit following sports-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13 (4): 222–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ravdin LD, Barr WB, Jordan B, et al. Assessment of cognitive recovery following sports related head trauma in boxers. Clin J Sports Med 2003; 13 (1): 21–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Ryan JP, Atkinson TM, Dunham KT. Sports-related and gender differences on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14 (1): 18–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Collie A, Darby D, Maruff P. Computerised cognitive assessment of athletes with sports related head injury. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35: 297–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Schatz P, Zillmer EA. Computer-based assessment of sports-related concussion. Appl Neuropsychol 2003; 10 (1): 42–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Collie A, Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. Are reliable change (RC) calculations appropriate for determining the extent of cognitive change in concussed athlete? Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (4): 370–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Erlanger D, Feldman D, Kutner K, et al. Development and validation of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol for sports-related return-to-play decision-making. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2003; 18: 293–316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Collie A, Maruff P, McStephen M, et al. Psychometric issues associated with computerized neuropsychological assessment of concussed athletes. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (6): 556–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Makdissi M, Collie A, Maruff P, et al. Computerised cognitive assessment of concussed Australian Rules footballers. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (5): 354–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Collie A, Maruff P. Computerised neuropsychological testing. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37 (1): 2–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Collie A, Maruff P, Makdissi M, et al. CogSport: reliability and correlation with conventional cognitive tests used in post-concussion medical examinations. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13: 28–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. CogSport: the complete concussion management system [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cogsport.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 11]

  84. Iverson G, Lovell MR, Collins MW, et al. Tracking recovery from concussion using ImPACT: applying reliable change methodology. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2002; 17 (8): 770

    Google Scholar 

  85. Iversion G, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Validity of ImPACT for measuring the effects of sports-related concussion. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2002; 17 (8): 769

    Google Scholar 

  86. ConcussionSentinel [online]. Available from URL: http://www-concussionsentinel.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 12]

  87. Guskiewicz KM. Assessment of postural stability following sport-related concussion. Curr Sports Med Rep 2003; 2: 24–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Guskiewicz KM. Postural stability assessment following concussion: one piece of the puzzle. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 182–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Guskiewicz KM, Riemann BL, Perrin DH, et al. Alternative approaches to the assessment of mild head injury in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29 (7): S213–21

    Google Scholar 

  90. Peterson CL, Ferrara MS, Mrazik M, et al. Evaluation of neuropsychological domain scores and postural stability following cerebral concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med 2003; 13: 230–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 100–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Jantzen KJ, Anderson B, Steinberg FL, et al. A prospective functional MR imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury in college football players. Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25 (5): 738–45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Chen SHA, Kareken DA, Fastenau PS, et al. A study of persistent post-concussion symptoms in mild head trauma using positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74: 326–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Perriello VA, Barth JT. Sports concussions: coming to the right conclusions. Contemp Pediatr 2000; 2: 132

    Google Scholar 

  95. McCrory P. What advice should we give to athletes postconcussion? Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (5): 316–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Committee CAoSMC. Canadian Academy of Sports Medicine Guidelines for assessment and management of sport-related concussion. Clin J Sport Med 2000; 10: 209–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. McCrory P. Treatment of recurrent concussion. Curr Sport Med Rep 2002; 1 (1): 28–32

    Google Scholar 

  98. Cantu RC. Recurrent athletic head injury: risks and when to retire. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22 (3): 593–603

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Webbe FM, Barth JT. Short-term and long-term outcome of athletic closed head injuries. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22: 577–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Macciocchi SN, Barth JT, Littlefield LM. Outcome after mild head injury. Clin Sports Med 1998; 17 (1): 27–36

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Robadi MH, Jordan BD. The cumulative effect of repetitive concussion in sports. Clin J Sports Med 2001; 11: 194–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, et al. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 2003; 290: 2549–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Master JT, Kessels AGH, Jordan BD, et al. Chronic traumatic brain injury in professional soccer players. Neurology 1998; 51: 791–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Kelly JP, Nichols JS, Filley CM, et al. Concussion in sports: guidelines for the prevention of catastrophic outcome. JAMA 1991; 266 (20): 2867–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. McCrea M, Hammeke T, Olsen G, et al. Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14 (1): 13–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cook DJ, Cusimano MD, Tator CH, et al. Evaluation of the ThinkFirst Canada, Smart Hockey, brain and spinal cord injury prevention video. Inj Prev 2003; 9 (4): 361–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Marchie A, Cusimano MD. Bodychecking and concussions in ice hockey: should our youth pay the price? CMAJ 2003; 169 (2): 124–8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Benson BW, Rose MS, Meeuwisse WH. The impact of face shield use on concussions in ice hockey: a multivariate analysis. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 27–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Levy ML, Ozgur BM, Berry C, et al. Birth and evolution of the football helmet. Neurosurgery 2004; 55 (3): 656–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. McIntosh A, McCrory P, Finch CF. Performance enhanced headgear: a scientific approach to the development of protective headgear. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38 (1): 46–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Pellman EJ, Viano DC, Tucker AM, et al. Concussion in professional football: location and direction of helmet impacts: part 2. Neurosurgery 2003; 53 (6): 1328–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Pettersen JA. Does rugby headgear prevent concussion? Attitudes of Canadian players and coaches. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (1): 19–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. McIntosh AS, McCrory P. Effectiveness of headgear in a pilot study of under 15 rugby union football. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (3): 167–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Wisniewski JF, Guskiewicz K, Trope M, et al. Incidence of cerebral concussions associated with type of mouthguard used in college football. Dent Traumatol 2004; 20 (3): 143–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Labella CR, Smith BW, Sigurdsson A. Effect of mouthguards on dental injuries and concussions in college basketball. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34 (1): 41–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ms Cori Edgecomb and Ms Amy Esman for administrative assistance. No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. The authors have no conflicts of interest that are directly relevant to the content of this review.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Primary Care Sports Medicine Program, Michigan State University Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 49008, USA

    Dilip R. Patel, Vandana Shivdasani & Robert J. Baker

Authors
  1. Dilip R. Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vandana Shivdasani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert J. Baker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dilip R. Patel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Patel, D.R., Shivdasani, V. & Baker, R.J. Management of Sport-Related Concussion in Young Athletes. Sports Med 35, 671–684 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535080-00002

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535080-00002

Keywords

Search

Navigation