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Factors Affecting Levels of Physical Activity in Adults

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Abstract

A large proportion of adults in Western cultures are physically inactive, despite several decades of warnings about the potentially negative health consequences of a sedentary lifestyle. Efforts to promote physical activity have focused on identifying its determinants and designing interventions that might effectively promote regular physical activity. The multitude of factors that induce adults to initiate and maintain programmes of physical activity have been divided into those that are invariable (age, gender, race, ethnicity) and those that are presumed to be modifiable (behavioural and personality characteristics, environmental circumstances and community settings). The lack of consistency in the design, analysis and reporting of interventions in the lives of inactive or sedentary individuals has produced equivocal results. However, several social and environmental factors have systematically emerged as determinants of physical activity in adults. In ethnic minorities, the removal of barriers such as unaffordable facilities and unavailable childcare, high crime rates, fear for personal safety and culturally inappropriate activities are of primary importance. Social support from family, peers, communities and healthcare providers has resulted in modest improvements across cultures, ages and genders in selected settings, but the definition of specific interventions and their outcomes deserve additional attention. Longitudinal studies indicate that components of physical fitness are relatively transitory, with low to modest correlations between physical activity and measures of physical fitness in childhood and adolescence and in adulthood. Attempts to explain the activity behaviour of adults by applying various theories in programmes of intervention have also produced mixed results. Successful interventions tailor programmes to individual needs, account for personal levels of fitness, allow for personal control of the activity and its outcomes, and provide for social support by family, peers and communities. The initiation and maintenance of regular physical activity in adults depends on a multitude of biological and sociocultural variables that demand attention across the lifespan.

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Notes

  1. Populations differ in a variety of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, and also in culturally determined habits, attitudes and behaviour patterns. This variation is often discussed in the context of race and ethnicity. These terms have different meanings, but are related. Race implies a biologically distinct group, that is, one that has a relatively large percentage of its genes in common by descent. Ethnic implies a culturally distinct group. Quite frequently, biological and cultural homogeneity overlap or coincide, for example, in minorities of colour and in linguistic and religious groups who share a common ancestry. With fewexceptions, however, racial background on a global basis has been viewed in terms of area of geographic origin, i.e., European, African, Asian and so on. Within the American culture complex, on the other hand, racial/ethnic background has been historically viewed on a colour and surname basis, i.e., European Americans (Whites, non-Hispanic Whites), African Americans (Blacks, non-Hispanic Blacks), Native Americans, Hispanic Americans (Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Latinos), and more recently in terms of geographic origin, i.e., Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, etc. For the sake of convenience, the term ethnic is used in this article to refer to different groups. However, the designations used by authors in specific studies are also used.

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  1. Institute for the Study of Youth Sports, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48823, USA

    Vern Seefeldt & Michael A. Clark

  2. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

    Robert M. Malina

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Seefeldt, V., Malina, R.M. & Clark, M.A. Factors Affecting Levels of Physical Activity in Adults. Sports Med 32, 143–168 (2002). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232030-00001

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