References
Beicastro AN, Bonen A. Lactic acid removal rates during controlled and uncontrolled recovery exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 39: 932–936, 1975
Bishop PA, May M, Smith JF, Kime JC, Mayo J, et al. Influence of blood handling techniques on lactic acid concentrations. International Journal of Sports Medicine 13: 56–59, 1992a
Bishop PA, Smith JF, Kime JC, Mayo J, Tin YT. Comparison of a manual and automated enzymatic technique for determining blood lactic acid concentrations. International Journal of Sports Medicine 13: 36–39, 1992b
Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics. Single vial lactate UV method 149993, Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics Division, Indianapolis, 1985
Bonen A, Beicastro AN. Comparison of self-selected recovery methods in lactic acid removal rates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 8: 176–178, 1976
Brooks GA. Anaerobic threshold: review of the concept and directions for future research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17: 22–31, 1985
Buono MJ. Freezing provides a viable method for the prolonged, stable storage of blood lactate. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences 11: 80–81, 1986
Buono M, Yeager J. Intraerythrocyte and plasma lactate concentrations during exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55: 326–329, 1986
Daniel S, Morishima H, James L, Adamsons K. Lactate and pyruvate gradient between red blood cells and plasma during acute asphyxia. Journal of Applied Physiology 19: 1100–1104, 1964
Evans BW, Cureton K.J. Effect of physical conditioning on blood lactate disappearance after supramaximal exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine 17: 40–45, 1983
Fellmann N, Grizard G, Coudert J. Human frontal sweat rate and lactate concentration during heat exposure and exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 54: 355–360, 1983
Foxdal P, Sjodin B, Rudstam H, Ostman C, Ostman B, et al. Lactate concentration differences in plasma, whole blood, capillary finger blood and erythrocytes during submaximal graded exercise in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 61: 218–222, 1990
Freund H, Oyono-Enguelle S, Heitz A, Marbach J, Ott C, et al. Work rate dependent lactate kinetics after exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 61: 932–939, 1986
Freund H, Oyono-Enguelle S, Heitz A, Marbach J, Ott C, et al. Effect of work duration on lactate kinetics after short muscular exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 58: 534–542, 1989
Freund H, Oyono-Enguelle S, Heitz A, Ott C, Marbach J, et al. Comparative lactate kinetics after short and prolonged submaximal exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11: 284–288, 1990
Freund H, Zouloumian P. Lactate after exercise in man: I. Evolution kinetics in arterial blood. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 46: 121–133, 1981
Fric Jr J, Fric J, Boldt F, Stoboy H, Meller W, et al. Reproducibility of post-exercise lactate anaerobic threshold. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 310–312, 1988
Fujitsuka N, Yamamoto T, Ohkuwa T, Santo M, Miyarnura M. Peak blood lactate after short periods of maximal treadmill running. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 48: 289–296, 1982
Gisolfi C, Robinson S, Turrell ES. Effects of aerobic work performed during recovery from exhausting work. Journal of Applied Physiology 21: 1767–1772, 1966
Godsen R, Smith J, Kirne J. There is essentially no order effect associated with fingertip blood sampling. Abstract. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12: 250–251, 1991
Gutmann I, Wahlefield A. L-(+)-lactate determination with lactate de-hydrogenase and NAD. In Bergmeyer (Ed.) Methods of enzymatic analysis, 2nd English ed., pp. 1464–1468, Academic Press, New York, 1974
Harris R, Dudley G. Exercise alters the distribution of ammonia and lactate in blood. Journal of Applied Physiology 66: 31–37, 1989
Hollmann W. Historical remarks on the development of the aerobic-anaerobic threshold up to 1966. International Journal of Sports Medicine 3: 109–116, 1985
Ivy JL, Costill DL, Van Handel PJ, Essig DA, Lower RW. Alteration in lactate threshold with changes in substrate availability. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2: 139–142, 1981
Jacobs I. Lactate concentrations after short, maximal exercise at various glycogen levels. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 111: 465–469, 1981
Jacobs I. Blood lactate: implications for training and sports performance. Sports Medicine 3: 10–25, 1986
Lamont LS. Sweat lactate secretion during exercise in relation to women’s aerobic capacity. Journal of Applied Physiology 62: 194–198, 1987
Mader A, Heck H, Hollmann W. Evaluation of lactic acid anaerobic energy contribution by determination of post-exercise lactic acid concentration of ear capillary blood in middle-distance runners and swimmers. In Landing & Orban (Eds) Exercise physiology, pp. 187–200, Symposia Specialists, Miami, 1976
Madsen O, Lohberg M. The lowdown on lactates. Swimming Technique May-June: 21–26, 1987
Maglischo EW, Maglischo CW, Bishop RA. Lactate testing for training pace. Swimming Technique May-July: 31–37, 1982
McMaster WC, Stoddard T, Duncan W. Enhancement of blood lactate clearance following maximal swimming: effect of velocity of swimming recovery. American Journal of Sports Medicine 17: 472–477, 1989
Meyer J, Bishop P, Horton C, Smith J, Whitehurst M, et al. Blood lactate concentrations of swimming, pulling and kicking. Journal of Swimming Research 4: 15–21, 1988
Olbrecht J, Madsen O, Mader A, Lisen H, Hollmann W. Relationship between swimming velocity and lactic concentration during continuous and intermittent training exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 6: 74–77, 1985
Oyono-Enguelle S, Gartner M, Marbach J, Heitz A, Ott C, et al. Comparison of arterial and venous blood lactate kinetics after short exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10: 16–24, 1989
Pilardeau PD, Lavie F, Vaysse J, Gamier M, Harichaux P, et al. Effect of different work-loads on sweat production and composition in man. Journal of Sports Medicine 28: 247–252, 1988
Poortmans JR, Bossche JDV, Leclercq R. Lactate uptake by inactive forearm during progressive leg exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 45: 835–839, 1978
Reaburn PRJ, Mackinnon LT. Blood lactate responses in older swimmers during active and passive recovery following maximal sprint swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 61: 246–250, 1990
Robergs RA, Chwalbinska-Moneta J, Mitchell JB, Pascoe DD, Houmard J, et al. Blood lactate threshold differences between arterialized and venous blood. International Journal of Sports Medicine 11:446–451, 1990
Robinson DM, Robinson SM, Hume PA, Hopkins WG. Training intensity of elite male distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 23: 1078–1082, 1991
Sharp RL, Vitelli CA, Costill DL, Thomas R. Comparison between blood lactate and heart rate profiles during a season of competitive swim training. Journal of Swimming Research 1: 17–20, 1984
Sigma Diagnostics. Pyruvate/lactate quantitative, enzymatic determination in whole blood at 340nm, No. 726-uv/826-uv, Sigma Diagnostics, St Louis, 1988
Strom G. The influence of anoxia on lactate utilization in man after prolonged muscular work. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 17: 440–451, 1949
Treffene RJ, Craven C, Hobbs K, Wade C. Differences in sprint and endurance swimmers’ plasma lactate and heart rate responses in controlled swims. Swimming Technique 16: 34–36, 1979
Vandewalle H, Peres G, Monod H. Standard anaerobic exercise tests. Sports Medicine 4: 268–289, 1987
Wasserman K, Beaver WL, Davis JA, PU JZ, Heber D, et al. Lactate, pyruvate and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio during exercise and recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology 59: 935–940, 1984
Weil MH, Leavy JA, Rackow EC, Halfman CJ, Bruno SJ. Validation of a semi-automated technique for measuring lactate in whole blood. Clinical Chemistry 32: 2175–2177, 1986
Williams JR, Armstrong N, Kirby BJ. The 4 mM blood lactate level as an index of exercise performance in 11–13 year old children. Journal of Sports Sciences 8: 139–147, 1990
Yellow Springs Instruments. YSI model 23L lactate analyzers instruction manual, Scientific Division, Yellow Springs. 1985
Yoshida T. Effect of dietary modifications on lactate threshold and onset of blood lactate accumulation during incremental exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology 53: 200–205, 1984
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bishop, P., Martino, M. Blood Lactate Measurement in Recovery as an Adjunct to Training. Sports Medicine 16, 5–13 (1993). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316010-00002
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316010-00002