References
American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Scientific evidence of the value of cardiac rehabilitation services with emphasis on patients following myocardial infarction — section I: Exercise conditioning component. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 10: 79–87, 1990
American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 3rd ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1986
American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 4th ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1991
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. Guidelines for exercise testing. Circulation 74 (3): 653A–667A, 1986
American Heart Association. 1989 Heart facts, American Heart Association, Dallas, 1988
Blair SN, Gordon NF, Villegas J. Exercise in the primary prevention of ischemic heart disease. In Torg et al. (Eds) Current therapy in sports medicine-2, pp. 79–85, BC Decker, Inc., 1990
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Paffenberger RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, et al. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. Journal of the American Medical Association 262: 2395–2401, 1989
Borer JS, Brensike JF, Redwood DR, et al. Limitations of the electrocardiographic response to exercise in predicting coronary-artery disease. New England Journal of Medicine 293: 367–371, 1975
Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD (Eds). Exercise, fitness, and health: a consensus of current knowledge, Human Kinetics Books, Champaign, Ill., 1990
Bruce RA, DeRouen TA, Hossack KF, Blake B, Hofer V. Value of maximal exercise tests in risk assessment of primary coronary heart disease events in healthy men: five years’ experience of the Seattle Heart Watch Study. American Journal of Cardiology 46: 371–378, 1980
Bruce RA, Hossack KF, DeRouen TA, Hofer V. Enhanced risk assessment for primary coronary heart disease events by maximal exercise testing: 10 years’ experience of Seattle Heart Watch. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2: 565–573, 1983
Coplan NL, Fuster V. Limitations of the exercise test as a screen for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic patients. American Heart Journal 119: 987–990, 1990
Detrano R, Froelicher VF. Exercise testing: Uses and limitations considering recent studies. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 31; 173–204, 1988
Ekelund LG, Haskell WL, Johnson JL, Whaley FS, Criqui MH, et al. Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men: the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 1379–1384, 1988
Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA, Bonow RO. Myocardial ischemia — silent or symptomatic. New England Journal of Medicine 318: 1038–1043, 1988
Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA, Bonow RO. Sudden cardiac death without warning: possible mechanisms and implications for screening asymptomatic populations. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 320–324, 1989
Epstein SE. The influence of stenosis severity on coronary collateral development and the importance of collaterals in maintaining left ventricular function during acute coronary occlusion. American Journal of Cardiology 61: 866–868, 1988
Erikssen J, Thaulow E. Follow-up of patients with asymptomatic myocardial ischemia. In Rutishauser W & Roskamm H (Eds) Silent myocardial ischemia pp. 154–164, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984
Erikssen J. Prognostic importance of silent ischemia during long-term follow-up of patients with coronary artery disease. Herz 12: 359–368, 1987
Froelicher VF, Thompson AJ, Wolthuis R, et al. Angiographic findings in asymptomatic aircrewmen with electrocardiographic abnormalities. American Journal of Cardiology 39: 32–39, 1977
Froelicher VF, Yanowitz FG, Thompson AJ, et al. The correlation of coronary angiography and the elctrocardiographic response to maximal treadmill testing in 76 asymptomatic men. Circulation 48: 597–604, 1973
Gibbons LW, Blair SN, Kohl HW, Cooper KH. The safety of maximal exercise testing. Circulation 80: 846–852, 1989
Gibbons LW, Cooper KH, Meyer BM, Ellison RC. The acute cardiac risk of strenuous exercise. Journal of the American Medical Assocation 244: 1799–1801, 1980
Goldschlager N, Sox H. The diagnostic and prognostic value of the treadmill exercise test in the evaluation of chest pain, in patients with recent myocardial infarction, and in asymptomatic individuals. American Heart Journal 116: 523–535, 1988
Gordon NF, Gibbons LW. The Cooper Clinic Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1990
Graboys, TB. The economics of screening joggers. New England Journal of Medicine 301: 1067, 1979
Kohl HW, Gibbons LW, Gordon NF, Blair SN. An empirical evaluation of the ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22: 533–539, 1990
National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1986, Monthly Vital Statistics Report [Suppl.], Vol. 37, no. 6, Publication no. DHHS (PHS) pp. 88–1120, Public Health Service, Hyattsville, MD, 1988
Noakes TD. Heart disease in marathon runners: a review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19: 187–194, 1987
O’Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusaf S, Goldhaber SZ, Olmstead EM, et al. An overview of randomised trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 80: 234–244, 1989
Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: Combined experience of randomised clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 845–960, 1988
Powell KE, Thompson PD, Casperson CJ, Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Public Health 8: 253–287, 1987
Rentrop KP, Thornton JC, Frederick F, Van Buskirk M. Coronary collateral flow in humans: determinants and protective potential as assessed by an angioplasty model. American College of Cardiology 61: 677–684, 1988
Sadaniantz A, Clayton MA, Sturner WQ, Thompson PD. Sudden death immediatley after a record-setting athletic performance. American Journal of Cardiology 63: 375, 1989
Siscovick DS. Risks of exercise: sudden cardiac death and injuries. In Bouchard et al. (Eds) Exercise, fitness, and health: a consensus of current knowledge, Human Kinetic Books, Champaign, Il, 1990
Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 874–877, 1984
Thompson PD, Funk EJ, Carleton RA, Sturner WQ. Incidence of death during jogging in Rhode Island from 1975 through 1980. Journal of the American Medical Association 247: 2535–2538, 1982
US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services: an assessment of the effectiveness of 169 interventions, Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, 1989
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gordon, N.F., Kohl, H.W., Scott, C.B. et al. Reassessment of the Guidelines for Exercise Testing. Sports Medicine 13, 293–302 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213050-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199213050-00001