Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Paediatric Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To describe the pathophysiology, diagnosis and controversies surrounding the diagnosis and pharmacological treatments of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) in children, we reviewed adult and paediatric literature pertaining to PBS/IC.

Paediatric PBS/IC presents similarly to adult PBS/IC. The diagnosis is made by exclusion. Paediatric PBS/IC patients complain most commonly of urinary frequency, and abdominal pain occurs in up to 88% of affected children. Enuresis may also be a presenting complaint. Urinalysis and urine cultures are unremarkable. Management of paediatric PBS/IC is similar to that of adult PBS/IC, and non-surgical management includes dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological options include pentosan polysulfate, amitriptyline, hydroxyzine, cimetidine or intravesical therapies (dimethyl sulfoxide or ‘therapeutic solution’).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Fig. 1
Table II
Table III
Table IV

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Teichman JMH, Parsons CL. Contemporary clinical presentation of interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 41–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nickel JC. Interstitial cystitis: the paradigm shifts —international consultations on interstitial cystitis. Rev Urol 2004; 6: 200–2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ. Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis. J Urol 1988; 140: 203–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y, et al. The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol 1999; 161: 553–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Rosenberg MT, Hazzard M. Prevalence of interstitial cystitis symptoms in women: a population based study in the primary care office. J Urol 2005; 174: 2231–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Clemens JQ, Meenan RT, Rosetti MC, et al. Prevalence and incidence of interstitial cystitis in a managed care population. J Urol 2005; 173: 98–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Curhan GC, Speizer FE, Hunter DJ, et al. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis: a population based study. J Urol 1999; 161: 549–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jones CA, Nyberg L. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. Urology 1997; 49 Suppl. 5A: 2–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Leppilahti M, Sairanen J, Tammela TL, et al. Prevalence of clinically confirmed interstitial cystitis in women: a population based study in Finland. J Urol 2005; 174: 581–3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Parsons CL, Tatsis V. Prevalence of interstitial cystitis in young women. Urology 2004; 64: 866–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Parsons JK, Kurth K, Sant GR. Epidemiologic issues in interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 5–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. McDonald HP, Upchurch WE, Sturdevant CE. Interstitial cystitis in children. J Urol 1953; 79: 890–3

    Google Scholar 

  13. Chenoweth CV, Clawater Jr EW. Interstitial cystitis in children. J Urol 1960; 83: 150–2

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Geist RW, Antolak SJ. Interstitial cystitis in children. J Urol 1970; 204: 922–25

    Google Scholar 

  15. Farkas A, Waisman J, Goodwin WE. Interstitial cystitis in adolescent girls. J Urol 1977; 118: 837–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Close CE, Carr MC, Burns MW, et al. Interstitial cystitis in children. J Urol 1996; 156: 860–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Held PJ, Hanno PM, Wein AJ, et al. Epidemiology of interstitial cystitis. In: Hanno PM, Staskin DR, Krane RJ, et al., editors. Interstitial cystitis. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990: 29–48

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Pauwels E, De Wachter S, Wyndaele JJ. Normality of bladder filling studied in symptom-free middle-aged women. J Urol 2004; 171: 1567–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Su X, Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. Effects of opioids on mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. J Neurophysiol 1977; 77: 1566–80

    Google Scholar 

  20. Parsons CL, Stauffer C, Schmidt JD. Bladder-surface glycosaminoglycans: an efficient mechanism of environmental adaptation. Science 1980; 208: 605–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Parsons CL, Boychuk D, Jones S, et al. Bladder surface glycosaminoglycans: an epithelial permeability barrier. J Urol 1990; 143: 139–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Parsons CL, Lilly JD, Stein P. Epithelial dysfunction in non-bacterial cystitis (interstitial cystitis). J Urol 1991; 145: 732–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Parsons CL, Greenberger M, Gabal L, et al. The role of urinary potassium in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1998; 159: 1862–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Slobodov G, Feloney M, Gran C, et al. Abnormal expression of molecular markers for bladder impermeability and differentiation in the urothelium of patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2004; 171: 1554–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hurst RE, Moldwin RM, Mulholland SG. Bladder defense molecules, urothelial differentiation, urinary biomarkers, and interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 17–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Saban MR, Nguyen NB, Hammond TG, et al. Gene expression profiling of mouse bladder inflammatory responses to LPS, substance P, and antigen-stimulation. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 2095–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Sant GR, Kempuraj D, Marchand JE, et al. The mast cell in interstitial cystitis: role in pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 34–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kastrup J, Hald T, Larsen S, et al. Histamine content and mast cell count of detrusor muscle in patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. Br J Urol 1983; 55: 495–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Letourneau R, Sant GR, El-Mansoury M, et al. Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis. Int J Tissue React 1992; 14: 307–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Christmas TJ, Rode J, Chapple CR, et al. Nerve fibre proliferation in interstitial cystitis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1990; 416: 447–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Steers WD, Tuttle JB. Neurogenic inflammation and nerve growth factor: possible roles in interstitial cystitis. In: Sant GR, editor. Interstitial cystitis. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 67–75

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lowe EM, Anand P, Terenghi G, et al. Increased nerve growth factor levels in the urinary bladder of women with idiopathic sensory urgency and interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 572–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Nazif O, Teichman JMH, Gebhart GF. Neural upregulation in interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 24–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Teichman JMH, Moldwin R. The role of the bladder surface in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Can J Urol 2007; 14: 3599–607

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Sant GR. Mast cell involvement in interstitial cystitis: a review of human and experimental evidence. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 6A: 47–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hofmeister MA, He F, Ratliff TL, et al. Mast cells and nerve fibers in interstitial cystitis (IC): an algorithm for histologic diagnosis via quantitative image analysis and morphometry (QIAM). Urology 1997; 49 Suppl. 5A: 41–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wesselmann U. Neurogenic inflammation and chronic pelvic pain. World J Urol 2001; 19: 180–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lutgendorf SK, Latini JM, Rothrock N, et al. Autonomic response to stress in interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2004; 172: 227–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lutgendorf SK, Kreder KJ, Rothrock NE, et al. Diurnal cortisol variations and symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2002; 167: 1338–43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Seth A, Teichman JMH. Differences in the clinical presentation of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome patients with and without history of sexual abuse. J Urol 2008; 180: 2029–33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Erickson DR, Morgan KC, Ordille S, et al. Nonbladder related symptoms in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2001; 166: 557–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mayer EA, Gebhart GF. Basic and clinical aspects of visceral hyperalgesia. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 271–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lutgendorf SK, Kreder KJ, Rothrock NE, et al. Stress and symptomatology in patients with interstitial cystitis: a laboratory stress model. J Urol 2000; 164: 1265–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Peters KM, Kalinowski SE, Carrico DJ, et al. Fact or fiction: is abuse prevalent in patients with interstitial cystitis? Results from a community survey and clinic population. J Urol 2007; 178: 891–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Warren JW, Keay SK, Meyers D, et al. Concordance of interstitial cystitis in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 6A: 22–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hand JR. Interstitial cystitis: report of 223 cases (204 women and 19 men). J Urol 1949; 61: 291–310

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Messing EM, Stamey TA. Interstitial cystitis: early diagnosis, pathology, and treatment. Urology 1978; 12: 381–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Driscoll AM, Teichman JMH. How do patients with interstitial cystitis present? J Urol 2001; 166: 2118–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Parsons CL, Zupkas P, Parsons JK. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with interstitial cystitis and urethral syndrome. Urology 2001; 57: 428–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bjorling DE, Wang ZY. Estrogen and neuroinflammation. Urology 2001; 57 (6 Suppl. 1): 40–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Powell-Boone T, Ness TJ, Cannon R, et al. Menstrual cycle affects bladder pain sensation in subjects with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2005; 174: 1832–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Shorter B, Lesser M, Moldwin RM, et al. Effect of comestibles on symptoms of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2007; 178: 145–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Warren JW, Brown J, Tracy JK, et al. Evidence-based criteria for pain of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome in women. Urology 2008; 71: 444–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ottem DP, Carr LK, Perks AE, et al. Interstitial cystitis and female sexual dysfunction. Urology 2007; 69: 608–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Peters KM, Killinger KA, Carrico DJ, et al. Sexual function and sexual distress in women with interstitial cystitis: a case-control study. Urology 2007; 70: 543–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ottem DP, Teichman JMH. What is the value of cystoscopy with hydrodistension for interstitial cystitis? Urology 2005; 66: 494–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Minaglia S, Ozel B, Bizhang R, et al. Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis in women with detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic therapy. Urology 2005; 66: 702–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Nickel JC, Teichman JMH, Gregoire M, et al. Prevalence, diagnosis, characterization, and treatment of prostatitis, interstitial cystitis, and epididymitis in outpatient urological practice: the Canadian PIE study. Urology 2005; 66: 935–40

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Teichman JMH. Painful bladder syndrome: a chronic condition. Can J Diagnosis 2008; 25: 97–101

    Google Scholar 

  60. Parsons CL, Dell J, Stanford EJ, et al. The prevalence of interstitial cystitis in gynecologic patients with pelvic pain, as detected by intravesical potassium sensitivity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 1395–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Payne CK, Terai A, Komatsu K. Research criteria versus clinical criteria for interstitial cystitis. Int J Urol 2003; 10 Suppl.: S7–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Diggs C, Meyer WA, Langenberg P, et al. Assessing urgency in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Urology 2007; 69: 210–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Greenberg P, Brown J, Yates T, et al. Voiding urges perceived by patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Neurourol Urodyn 2008; 27: 287–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Parsons CL, Albo M. Intravesical potassium sensitivity in patients with prostatitis. J Urol 2002; 168: 1054–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tissot WD, Diokno AC, Peters KM. A referral center’s experience with transitional cell carcinoma misdiagnosed as interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2004; 172: 478–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Peters KM, Carrico DJ. Frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain: treating the pelvic floor versus the epithelium. Curr Urol Rep 2006; 7: 450–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Warren JW, Langenberg P, Greenberg P, et al. Sites of pain in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. J Urol 2008; 180: 1373–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Waxman JA, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ. Cystoscopic findings consistent with interstitial cystitis in normal women undergoing tubal ligation. J Urol 1998; 160: 1663–1667

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Denson MA, Griebling TL, Cohen MB, et al. Comparison of cystoscopic and histologic findings in patients with suspected interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2001; 164: 1908–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Teichman JM, Nielsen-Omeis BJ. Potassium leak test predicts outcome in interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1999; 161: 1791–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Seth A, Teichman JMH. What’s new in painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis? Curr Opin Urol 2008; 9: 349–57

    Google Scholar 

  72. Leary MP, Sant GP, Fowler Jr FJ, et al. The interstitial cystitis symptom index and problem index. Urology 1997; 49 (Suppl. 5A): 58–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Parsons CL, Dell J, Stanford EJ, et al. Increased prevalence of interstitial cystitis: previously unrecognized urologic and gynecologic cases identified using a new symptom questionnaire and intravesical potassium sensitivity. Urology 2002; 60: 573–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kushner L, Moldwin RM. Efficiency of questionnaires used to screen for interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2006; 176: 587–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Evans RJ, Sant GR. Current diagnosis of interstitial cystitis: an evolving paradigm. Urology 2007; 69 Suppl. 4A: 64–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Keay SK, Zhang CO, Shoenfelt J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, and epidermal growth factor as urine markers for interstitial cystitis. Urology 2001 Jun; 57 (6 Suppl. 1): 9–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Interstitial Cystitis Association. Diet [online]. Available from URL: http://www.ichelp.org/Treatments/Self-help/Diet/tabid/247/Default.aspx[Accessed 2009 Feb 17]

  78. Spanos C, Pang X, Ligris K, et al. Stress-induced bladder mast cell activation: implications for interstitial cystitis. JUrol 1997; 157: 669–72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ripoll E, Mahowald D. Hatha Yoga therapy management of urologic disorders. World J Urol 2002; 20: 306–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Whitmore KE. Complementary and alternative therapies as treatment approaches for interstitial cystitis. Rev Urol 2002; 4 Suppl.: S28–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Bologna RA, Gomelsky A, Lukban JC, et al. The efficacy of calcium glycerophosphate in the prevention of food-related flares in interstitial cystitis. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 1: 119–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Korting GE, Smith SD, Wheeler MA, et al. A randomized double-blind trial of oral L-arginine for treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1999; 161: 558–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Parsons CL, Benson G, Childs SJ, et al. A quantitatively controlled method to study prospectively interstitial cystitis and demonstrate the efficacy of pentosan polysulfate. J Urol 1993; 150: 845–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Mulholland SG, Hanno P, Parsons CL, et al. Pentosan polysulfate sodium for therapy of interstitial cystitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Urology 1990; 35: 552–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Parsons CL, Mulholland SG. Successful therapy of interstitial cystitis with pentosanpolysulfate. J Urol 1987; 138: 513–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Holm-Bentzen M, Jacobsen F, Nerstrom B, et al. A prospective double-blind clinically controlled multicenter trial of sodium pentosanpolysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and related painful bladder disease. J Urol 1987; 138: 503–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sant GR, Propert KJ, Hanno PM, et al. A pilot clinical trial of oral pentosan polysulfate and oral hydroxyzine in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2003; 170: 810–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hwang P, Auclair B, Beechinor D, et al. Efficacy of pentosan polysulfate in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a meta-analysis. Urology 1997; 50: 39–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Chiang G, Patra P, Letourneau R, et al. Pentosanpolysulfate (Elmiron) is a potent inhibitor of mast cell histamine secretion. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 539 (Pt B): 713–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Erickson DR, Sheykhnazari M, Bhavanandam VP. Molecular size affects urine excretion of pentosan polysulfate. J Urol 2006; 175: 1143–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Simon M, McClanahan RH, Shah JF, et al. Metabolism of [3H] pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) in healthy human volunteers. Xenobiotica 2005; 35: 775–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Jepsen JV, Sall M, Rhodes PR, et al. Long-term experience with pentosan polysulfate in interstitial cystitis. Urology 1999; 53: 381–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Nickel JC, Barkin J, Forrest J, et al. Randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study of pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis. Urology 2005; 65: 654–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Theoharides TC, Sant GR. Hydroxyzine therapy for interstitial cystitis. Urology 1997; 49 Suppl. 5A: 108–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Thilagarajah R, Witherow RO, Walker MM. Oral cimetidine gives effective symptom relief in painful bladder syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 2001; 87: 207–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Van Ophoven A, Pokupic S, Heinecke H, et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind study of amitriptyline for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2004; 172: 533–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Sairanen J, Tammela TL, Leppilahti M, et al. Cyclosporine A and pentosan polysulfate sodium for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a randomized comparative study. J Urol 2005; 174: 2235–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Sairanen J, Forsell T, Ruutu M. Long-term outcome of patients with interstitial cystitis treated with low dose cyclosporine A. J Urol 2004; 171: 2138–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Davis EL, El Khoudary SR, Talbott EO, et al. Safety and efficacy of the use of intravesical and oral pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Urol 2008; 179: 177–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Parsons CL. Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology 2005; 65: 45–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Welk BK, Teichman JMH. Dyspareunia response in patients with interstitial cystitis treated with intravesical lidocaine, bicarbonate, and heparin. Urology 2008; 71: 67–70

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Mayer R, Propert KJ, Peters KM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravesical bacillus calmette-guerin for treatment refractory interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2005; 173: 1186–91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Peeker R, Haghsheno MA, Holmang S, et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and dimethyl sulfoxide for treatment of classic and nonulcer interstitial cystitis: a prospective, randomized double-blind study. J Urol 2000; 164: 1912–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Dawson TE, Jamison J. Intravesical treatments for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Oct 17; (4): CD006113

  105. Parkin J, Chea C, Sant GR. Intravesical dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for interstitial cystitis: a practical approach. Urology 1997; 49 Suppl. 5A: 105–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Giannantoni A, Porena M, Costantini E, et al. A toxin intravesical injection in patients with painful bladder syndrome: 1-year follow up. J Urol 2008; 179: 1031–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Nickel JC, Wyllie MG, Henry RA. Intravesical alkalized lidocaine (PSD597) offers immediate and sustained relief from the symptoms of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS): results of a phase II multi-centre placebo-controlled trial [abstract no. 180]. J Urol 2008; 179 Suppl.: 63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Henry R, Patterson L, Avery N, et al. Absorption of alkalinized intravesical lidocaine in normal and inflamed bladders: a simple method for improving bladder anesthesia. J Urol 2001; 165: 1900–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Welk BK, Teichman JMH. Female sexual function improves in treated interstitial cystitis patients [abstract no. 171]. J Urol 2008; 179 (Suppl.): 60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Bergman A, Karram M, Bhatia NN. Urethral syndrome: a comparison of different treatment modalities. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 157–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Lemack GE, Foster B, Zimmern PE. Urethral dilation in women: a questionnaire-based analysis of practice patterns. Urology 1999; 54: 37–43

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Immergut M, Culp D, Flocks RH. The urethral caliber in normal female children. J Urol 1967; 97: 693–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Shear S, Mayer R. Development of glomerulations in younger women with interstitial cystitis. Urology 2006; 68: 253–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mattox TF. Interstitial cystitis in adolescents and children: a review. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2004; 17: 7–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ratner V. Current controversies that adversely effect interstitial cystitis patients. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 6A: 89–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Park JM. Is interstitial cystitis an underdiagnosed problem in children? A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 6A: 30–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Bloom DA, Seeley WW, Rithcey ML, et al. Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. J Urol 1993; 149: 1087–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Parsons CL. Interstitial cystitis: clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria in over 200 cases. Neurourol Urodyn 1990; 9: 241–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Propert KJ, Schaefter AJ, Brensinger CL, et al. A prospective study of interstitial cystitis: results of a longitudinal follow up of the Inerstitial Cystitis Data Base Cohort. J Urol 2000; 163: 1434–9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Sensirivatana R, Watana D, Sornmani W, et al. Diagnostic study of urinary frequency in children. Urology 1987; 30: 50–2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Walker J, Rickwood AMK. Daytime urinary frequency in children. BMJ 1988; 297: 455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Koff SA, Byard MA. The daytime urinary frequency syndrome of childhood. J Urol 1988; 140: 1280–1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Corigliano T, Renella R, Robbiani A, et al. Isolated extraordinary daytime urinary frequency of childhood: a case series of 26 children in Switzerland. Acta Paediatr 2007; 96: 1347–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Curran MJ, Kaefer M, Peters C, et al. The overactive bladder in childhood: long-term results with conservative management. J Urol 2000; 163: 574–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Saedi NA, Schulman SL. Natural history of voiding dysfunction. Pedi Nephrol 2003; 18: 894–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Schuster GA. Interstitial cystitis in children: not a rare entity [abstract]. Urology 2001; 57 Suppl. 6A: 107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Fisher RE, Tanagho EA, Lyon RP, et al. Urethral calibration in newborn girls. J Urol 1969; 102: 67–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Metwalli AR, Cheng EY, Kropp BP, et al. The practice of urethral dilation for voiding dysfunction among fellows of the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics. J Urol 2002; 168: 1764–7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. National Toxicology Program Public Health Services, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services. NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of Elmiron (Case no. 37319-17-8) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (Gavage studies). Natl Toxicol Program Tech Repro Ser 2004; 512: 7–289

    Google Scholar 

  130. Scarapa MD, Mori N, Canning BJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with asthma: treatment implications. Paeditr Drugs 2005; 7: 777–86

    Google Scholar 

  131. Selo-Ojeme DO, Paranjothy S, Onwude JL. Interstitial cystitis coexisting with vulvar vestibulitis in a 4-year-old girl. Int Urogynecol J 2002; 13: 261–2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review. Dr Teichman serves as a consultant for Ortho-McNeil and owns stock in Urigen Pharmaceuticals.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Urology, Providence Healthcare and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

    Jason Sea &  Joel M.H. Teichman

Authors
  1. Jason Sea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joel M.H. Teichman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sea, J., Teichman, J.M. Paediatric Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis. Drugs 69, 279–296 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200969030-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200969030-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation