References
Austrian R, Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Annals of Internal Medicine 60: 759–776, 1964
Barclay ML, Begg EJ, Chambers ST. Adaptive resistance following single doses of gentamicin in a dynamic in vitro model. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 36: 1951–1957, 1992
Baumgartner JD, Heumann D, Gerain J, et al. Association between protective efficacy of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies and suppression of LPS induced tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin 6: comparison of O side chain-specific antibodies with core LPS antibodies. Journal of Experimental Medicine 171: 889–896, 1990
Bone RC, Fisher Jr CJ, Clemmer TP, et al. Acontrolled trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 653–658, 1987
Brandtzaeg P, Kierulf P, Gaustad P, et al. Plasma endotoxin as a predictor of multiple organ failure and death in systemic meningococcal disease. Journal of Infectious Diseases 159: 195–204, 1989
Calandra T, Baumgartner J-D, Grau GE, et al. Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the serum of patients with septic shock. Journal of Infectious Diseases 161: 982–987, 1990
Cartwright K, Reilly S, White D, et al. Early treatment with parenteral penicillin in meningococcal disease. British Medical Journal 305: 143–147, 1992
Chong K-T, Huston M. Implications of endotoxin contamination in the evaluation of antibodies to lipopolysaccharides in a murine model of gram negative sepsis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 156: 713–719, 1987
Cohen J, Glauser MP. Septic shock: treatment. Lancet 338: 736–739, 1991
Cox CE, Harrison LH. Comparison of gentamicin and polymyxin-B-kanamycin in therapy of bacteremia due to gram negative bacilli. Journal of Infectious Diseases 124 (Suppl.): S156–163, 1971
Cross AS, Opal SM, Palardy JE, et al. The efficacy of combination immunotherapy in experimental Pseudomonas sepsis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 167: 112–118, 1993
Cross AS, Opal SM, Sadoff JC, et al. Choice of bacteria in animal models of sepsis. Infection and Immunity 61: 2741–2747, 1993
Danner RL, Eichacker PQ, Doerfler ME, et al. Therapeutic trial of lipid X in a canine model of septic shock. Journal of Infectious Diseases 167: 378–384, 1993
Danner RL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, et al. Endotoxemia in human septic shock. Chest 99: 169–175, 1991
Editorial. Endotoxaemia or endotoxinaemia? Lancet 340: 1323, 1992
Fisher Jr CJ, Opal SM, Dhainaut JF, et al. Influence of an anti-tumour necrosis factor antibody on cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 21: 318–327, 1993
Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Gigliotti F, et al. Immunolabelling of lipopolysaccharide liberated from antibiotic-treated Escherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 56: 2760–2762, 1988
Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, et al. Effect of methylprednisolone on bacterial clearance and endotoxin liberation during experimental sepsis induced by Gram-negative bacteria. Infection and Immunity 52: 26–30, 1986
Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, et al. Polymyxin B moderates acidosis and hypotension in established, experimental gram-negative septicemia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 156: 706–712, 1987
Glauser MP, Zanetti G, Baumgartner J-D, et al. Septic shock: pathogenesis. Lancet 338: 732–736, 1991
Greenman RL, Schein RMH, Martin MA, et al. A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. Journal of the American Medical Association 266: 1097–1102, 1991
Hoffman WD, Pollack M, Banks SM, et al. Distinct functional activities in canine septic shock of monoclonal antibodies specific for the O-polysaccharide and core regions of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccha-ride. Journal of Infectious Diseases 169: 553–561, 1994
Hoffman SL, Punjabi NH, Kumala S, et al. Reduction of mortality in chloramphenicol-treated severe typhoid fever by high-dose dex-amethasone. New England Journal of Medicine 310: 82–88, 1984
Horton R. Voluntary suspension of Centoxin. Lancet 341: 298, 1993
Hurley JC. Antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin: a reappraisal. Clinical Infectious Diseases 15: 840–854, 1992
Hurley JC. Clinical effects and therapy of endotoxaemia. Correspondence. British Journal of Surgery 80: 809, 1993a
Hurley JC. Reappraisal of the role of endotoxin in the sepsis syndrome. Lancet 341: 1133–1135, 1993b
Hurley JC. Gram negative sepsis: what dilemma? Correspondence. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 6: 443, 1993c
Hurley JC. Self administration of Salmonella endotoxin. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine 329: 1426–1427, 1993d
Hurley JC. Bacteremia, endotoxemia and mortality in gram negative sepsis: a reappraisal. Correspondence. Journal of Infectious Diseases 168: 246–247, 1993e
J-5 Study Group. Treatment of severe infectious purpura in children with human plasma from donors immunized with Escherichia coli J5: a prospective double blind trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 165: 695–701, 1992
Martin CM, Cuomo AJ, Geraghty MJ, et al. Gram negative rod bacteremia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 119: 506–517, 1969
Moore RD, Lietman PS, Smith CR. Clinical response to aminoglycoside therapy: importance of the ratio of peak concentration to minimal inhibitory concentration. Journal of Infectious Diseases 155: 93–99, 1987
O’Brien AD, Weinstein DA, Soliman MY, et al. Additional evidence that the Lps gene locus regulates natural resistance to Styphimurium in mice. Journal of Immunology 134: 2820–2823, 1985
Opal SM, Sadoff JC, Fisher CJ, et al. Initial findings of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-Ira) phase III trial in patients with severe sepsis. International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1993. Abstract no. 20, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1993
Peduzzi P, Shatney C, Sheagren J, Sprung C, and The Veterans Affairs Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Predictors of bacteremia and Gram-negative bacteremia in patients with sepsis. Archives of Internal Medicine 152: 529–535, 1992
Quezado ZMN, Natanson C, Alling DW, et al. A controlled trial of HA-1A in a canine model of Gram-negative septic shock. Journal of the American Medical Association 269: 2221–2227, 1993
Strang JR, Pugh EJ. Meningococcal infections: reducing the case fatality rate by giving penicillin before admission to hospital. British Medical Journal 305: 141–143, 1992
The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 659–665, 1987
Warren HS, Danner RL, Munford RS. Anti-endotoxin monoclonal antibodies. New England Journal of Medicine 326: 1153–1157, 1992
Woods JP, Black JR, Barritt DS, et al. Resistance to meningococcemia apparently conferred by anti-H.8 monoclonal antibody is due to contaminating endotoxin and not to specific immunoprotection. Infection and Immunity 55: 1927–1928, 1987
Wortel CH, von der Möhlen MAM, van Deventer SJH, et al. Effectiveness of a human monoclonal anti-endotoxin antibody (HA-1A) in Gram-negative sepsis: relationship to endotoxin and cytokine levels. Journal of Infectious Diseases 166: 1367–1374, 1992
Ziegler EJ. Protective antibody to endotoxin core: the emperor’s new clothes?. Journal of Infectious Diseases 158: 286–290, 1988
Ziegler EJ, Fisher Jr CJ, Sprung CL, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. New England Journal of Medicine 324: 429–436, 1991
Ziegler EJ, McCutchan JA, Fierer J, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and shock with human antiserum to a mutant Escherichia coli. New England Journal of Medicine 307: 1225–1230, 1982
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hurley, J.C. Sepsis Management and Antiendotoxin Therapy after Nebacumab. Drugs 47, 855–861 (1994). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199447060-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199447060-00001