References
Abou-Donia MB. Physiological effects and metabolism of gossypol. Residue Review 61: 124–159, 1976
Adams R, Geissman TA, Edwards JD. Gossypol, a pigment of cottonseed. Chemical Reviews 60: 555–574, 1960
Adams R, Morris RC, Geissman TA, et al. Structure of gossypol, an interpretation of its reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 60: 2193–2204, 1938
Balaram P, Sampath DS. A rapid procedure of the resolution of racemic gossypol. Journal of the Chemical Society: Chemical Communications 649–650, 1986
Benz C, Keniry M, Goldberg H. Selective toxicity of gossypol against epithelial tumors and its detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Contraception 37(3): 221–228, 1988
Cheng KF, Wu WY, Tang MY, Chu PT. Endometrial changes after administration of gossypol for menorrhagia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 138(8): 1227–1229, 1980
Coutinho EM, Melo JF, Barbosa I, Segal SJ. Antispermatogenic action of gossypol in men. Fertility and Sterility 42(3): 424–430, 1984
Dowell CT, Menaul P. Effect of autoclaving upon the toxicity of cottonseed meal. Journal of Agriculture Research 26: 9, 1923
Edwards JD. Total synthesis of gossypol. Journal of the American Chemical Society 80: 3798–3799, 1958
Han ML. Gossypol treatment for menopausal functional bleeding, myoma of uterus and endometriosis: preliminary report. Chung Kuo I Hsuch Ko Hsueh Yuan Pao 2(3): 167–170, 1980
Han ML, Wang YF, Tang MY, Ge QS, Zhou LF, et al. Gossypol in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine myoma. Contributions to Gynecology and Obstetrics 16: 268–270, 1987
Haspel HC, Ren YF, Watanabe KA, Sonenberg M, Corin RE. Cytocidal effect of gossypol on cultured murine erythroleukemia cells is prevented by serum protein. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 229: 218–225, 1984
Heywood R, Lloyd GK, Majeed SK, Gopinath C. The toxicity of gossypol to the male rat. Toxicology 40: 279–284, 1986
Huang GZ. An etiological study of burning sensation disease. Acta Wuhan Medical College 14: 81, 1985
Joseph AEA, Coobes RC, Matlin SA, Knox P. In vivo and in vitro antitumor activity of gossypol. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 22, 1986
Khadzhibaeva GS, Pogodina VV, Laterpova RV, et al. Interferonogenic activity of low-molecular weight gossypol. Antibiotiki 23: 365–368, 1978
Leonard JM, Paulsen CA. Contraceptive development studies for males: oral and parenteral steroid administration. Proceedings of hormone control on male fertility. DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 78-1079, p. 223, 1978
Lindberg MC, Naqvi RH, Matlin SA, Zhou RH, Bialy G, et al. Comparative antifertility effects of gossypol enantiomers in male hamsters. International Journal of Andrology 10: 619–623, 1987
Liu GZ, Hinton KC, Cao J, Zhu C, Li B. Effects of K salt or a potassium blocker on gossypol-induced hypokalemia. Contraception 37(2): 111–117, 1988
Liu GZ, Lyle KC, Cao J. Clinical trial of gossypol as a male contraceptive drug. Part I. Efficacy study. Fertility and Sterility 48(3): 459–461, 1987a
Liu GZ, Lyle KC, Cao J. Clinical trial of gossypol as a male contraceptive drug. Part II. Hypokalemia study. Fertility and Sterility 48(3): 462–465, 1987b
Liu GZ, Lyle KC, Cao J. Experiences with gossypol as a male pill. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 157: 1079–1082, 1987c
Liu ZQ, Liu GZ, Hei LS, Zhang RA, Yu CZ. Clinical trial of gossypol as a male antifertility agent. Symposium on recent advances in fertility regulation, Beijing, September 5, 1980, pp. 160–163, 1980
Longmore J. Cottonseed oil: its coloring matter mucilage and de-scription of a new method of recovering the loss occurring during the refining process. Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry 5: 200, 1886
Lyle KC. Gossypol for the suppression of male fertility. Proceed-ings of the 2nd world conference on clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Washington DC, pp. 661–667, 1983
Ma TY, Tang CH, Fu LM, Wu XR. Therapeutic effectiveness and side effects of gossypol in treatment of some gynecological diseases. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 63, 1986
Marchlewski L. Gossypol, ein Bestandtheil der Baumwollsamen. Journal of Prakt Chemistry 60: 84, 1899
Matlin SA, Zhou RH. Resolution of gossypol: analytical and preparative HPLC. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography and Chromatographic Communication 7: 629–631, 1984
Matlin SA, Zhou RH, Belenguer A, Tyson RC, Brooker AN. Resolution of gossypol: analytical and large-scale preparative HPLC on non-chiral phases. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography and Chromatographic Communication 10: 86–91, 1987
Matlin SA, Zhou RH, Belenguer A, Tyson RC, Brooker AN. Large-scale resolution of gossypol enantiomers for biological evaluation. Contraception 37(3): 229–238, 1988
Matlin SA, Zhou RH, Bialy G, Blye RP, Nagri RH, et al. (−) Gossypol: an active male antifertility agent. Contraception 31: 141–149, 1985
Meng GD, Zhu JC, Chen ZW, Wong LT, Zhang GY, et al. Follow-up of men in the recovery period immediately after the cessation of gossypol treatment. Contraception 37(2): 119–128, 1988
National Coordinating Group on Male Antifertility Agents. Gos-sypol: a new antifertility agent for males. Chinese Medical Journal (new series) 4(6): 417–428, 1978
Prasad MRN, Diczfalusy E. Gossypol. International Journal of Andrology (Suppl. 5): 53–70, 1982
Qian SZ. The pharmacology and clinical application of gossypol. Presented at the 1st national conference on male antifertility agents, Wuhan, China, September, 1972
Qian SZ. Effect of gossypol on potassium and prostaglandin metabolism and mechanism of action of gossypol. Symposium on recent advances in fertility regulation, Beijing, pp. 152–159, 1980
Qian SZ, Hu JH, Ho LX, Sun MX, Huang YZ, et al. The first clinical trial of gossypol on male antifertility. Presented at the 1st national conference on male antifertility agents, Wuhan, China, September 1972. Republished in Turner P (Ed.) Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, pp. 489–492, 1980
Qian SZ, Wang ZG. A potential antifertility agent for males. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 24: 329–360, 1984
Ratsula K, Huakkanaa M, Wichmann K, Lunkkainen T. Vaginal contraception with gossypol: a clinical study. Contraception 27(7): 571–576, 1983
Ridley AJ, Blasco K. Testosterone and gossypol effects on human sperm motility. Fertility and Sterility 36: 638–642, 1981
Sang GW, Zhang YG, Shi QX, Shen KY, Lu FY, et al. Chronic toxicity of gossypol and the relationship to its metabolic fate in dogs and monkeys. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1(1): 39–43, 1980
Si YK, Zhou J, Huang L. (−) Gossypol obtained from resolution of racemic gossypol. Kexue Tongbao 28: 640, 1983
Sun YB, Yang DM, Wu WY. Effects of (−), (+), (+/−) gossypol on renal function and ultrastructure in male hamster. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 49, 1986
Tang XC, Zu MK, Shi QX. Comparative studies on the absorption, distribution and excretion of 14C-gossypol in four species of animals. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 15: 212–217, 1980
Tao JZ, Wu DF, Shen WK, Wang SY, Yu YW, et al. Absorption study of acetic gossypol PVP form tablet introduced intravaginally. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 4(3): 155–158, 1988
Tso WW. Gossypol inhibits Ehrlich ascites tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Letters 24: 257–261, 1984
Tuszynski GP, Cossu G. Differential cytotoxicity of gossypol on human melanoma, colon carcinoma and other tissue culture cell lines. Cancer Research 44: 768, 1984
Waller DP, Zaneveld LJD, Fong HHS. In vitro spermicidal activity of gossypol. Contraception 22: 183–187, 1980
Wang MZ, Wu DF, Yu YW. High-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of gossypol in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography (Biomedical Application) 343: 387–396,1985
Wang NG, Guan MZ, Lei HP. Effects of (−) and (+) gossypol in fertility of male rats. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 19: 932–934, 1984
Wang NG, Li GX, Chen QQ, Lei HP. The metabolism of gossypol in vivo. Chinese Medical Journal 59: 596–599, 1979
Wang YF. Late effect of gossypol treatment in gynecological diseases: a clinical study of 72 cases. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 5(4): 205–207, 1985
Wang YX, Chang ZX. The mechanism of gossypol leads to hypokalemia. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, p. 8, 1986
Wichmann K. Spermicidal and antiviral action of gossypol. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 23, 1986
Wichmann K, Vaheri A, Lunkkainen T. Inhibiting herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in human epithelial cell by gossypol, a potential spermicidal and contraceptive agent. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 142: 593–594, 1982
Wu DF, Cho J, Li BY, Yu YW, Liu GZ. Study on clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gossypol. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 3(4): 249–255, 1987
Wu DF, Yu YW, Tang ZM, Wang MZ. Pharmacokinetics of (+/ −), (+), (−) gossypol in humans and dogs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 39: 613–618, 1986
Wu XR. Study of antifertility action of cottonseeds and their effective component — gossypol. Presented at the 1st national conference on recent advances in family planning research, Beijing, 1972
Xue SP, Luo HZ, Zhu JB, Li HZ, Zhao SY. Evaluation of the renal tubulotoxic effect of gossypol by urinary protein analysis with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Contraception 37(2): 163–172, 1988
Yang DM, Wu XR, Tang CH, Ma TY. Clinical observation of the effect of gossypol acetic acid on the function of proximal renal tubules. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 9, 1986
Ypersele CV, Dieu JP, Marbaix E. Effects of gossypol on the kidney with special emphasis on potassium (K) excretion. Contraception 37(2): 173–178, 1988
Zheng DK, Si YK, Zhou J, Huang L. Resolution of racemic gossypol. Journal of the Chemical Society: Chemical Communications 168–169, 1985
Zhou SW. Clinical use of gossypol in gynecology. Chung Hua Fu Chan Ko Tsa Chih 16(3): 137–141, 1981
Zhou SW. Gossypol in the treatment of menopausal bleeding and endometriosis. Abstract. International symposium on gossypol research for male fertility regulation, Wuhan, China, October 15–17, 1986, p. 62, 1986
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, D. An Overview of the Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Gossypol as a Male Contraceptive Agent and in Gynaecological Disease. Drugs 38, 333–341 (1989). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198938030-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198938030-00001