References
Adams PC, Holt DW, Storey GCA, Morley AR, Callaghan J, et al. Amiodarone and its desethyl metabolite: tissue distribution and morphologic changes during long-term therapy. Circulation 72: 1064–1075, 1985
Andreasen F, Agerbaek H, Bjerregaard P, Gotzsche H. Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone after intravenous and oral administration. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19: 293–299, 1981
Balser JR, Hondeghem LM, Roden DM. Amiodarone reduces time dependent Ik activation. Circulation 76 (Suppl. IV): IV–151, 1987
Bandyopadhyay S, Somani P. A comparison of plasma, white blood cell, red blood cell, and tissue distribution of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in anesthetized dogs. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 10: 379–388, 1987
Bennett PB, Kabalka G, Kennedy TT, Woosley RL, Hondeghem LM. An amiodarone derivative with reduced toxicity and Na-channel blocking properties. Circulation 76 (Suppl IV): IV–150, 1987
Brien JF, Jimmo S, Brennan FJ, Ford SE, Armstrong PW. Distribution of amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone, in human tissues. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65: 360–364, 1987
Broekhuysen J. Amiodarone: historical background. In Breithardt et al. (Eds) New aspects in the medical treatment of tachyar-rhythmias, pp. 42–45, Urban and Schwarzenberg, Munich, 1983
Broekhuysen J, Laruel R, Sion R. Recherches dans la série des benzofurannes. XXXVII. Étude comparée du transit et du métabolisme de l’amiodarone chez diverses espèces animales et chez l’homme. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie 177: 340–359, 1969
Burger A, Dinichert P, Nicod P, Jenny M, Lemarchand-Béraud T, et al. Effect of amiodarone on serum tricodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, thyroxin, and thyrotropin. Journal of Clinical Investigation 58: 255–259, 1976
Charlier R. Cardiac actions in the dog of a new antagonist of adrenergic excitation which does not produce competitive blockade of adrenoreceptors. British Journal of Pharmacology 39: 668–674, 1970
Charlier R, Delaunois G, Bauthier J, Deltour G. Recherches dans la série des benzofuranes. XL. Propiétés antiarythmiques de l’amiodarone. Cardiologia 54: 83–90, 1969
Chatelain P, Laruel R. Amiodarone partitioning with phospholipid bilayers and erythrocyte membranes. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74: 783–784, 1985
Debbas NMG, du Cailar C, Bexton RS, Demaille JG, Camm AJ, et al. The QT interval: a predictor of the plasma and myocardial concentrations of amiodarone. British Heart Journal 51: 316–320, 1984
Escoubet B, Coumel P, Poirier JM, Maison-Blanche P, Jaillon P, et al. Suppression of arrhythmias within hours after a single oral dose of amiodarone and relation to plasma and myocardial concentrations. American Journal of Cardiology 55: 696–702, 1985
Follmer CH, Aomine M, Yeh JZ, Singer DH. Amiodarone-induced block of sodium current in isolated cardiac cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 243: 187–194, 1987
Franklyn JA, Davis JR, Gammage MD, Littler WA, Ramsden DB, et al. Amiodarone and thyroid hormone action. Clinical Endocrinology 22: 257–264, 1985
Gloor HO, Urthaler F, James TN. Acute effects of amiodarone upon the canine sinus node and atrioventricular junctional region. Journal of Clinical Investigation 71: 1457–1466, 1983
Greenberg ML, Lerman BB, Shipe JR, Kaiser DL, DiMarco JP. Relation between amiodarone and desethylamiodarone plasma concentrations and electrophysiologic effects, efficacy and toxicity. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 9: 1148–1155, 1987
Haffajee CI, Love JC, Canada AT, Lesko LJ, Asdourian G, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of amiodarone for refractory tachyarrhythmias. Circulation 67: 1347–1355, 1983
Heger JJ, Prystowsky EN, Miles WM, Zipes DP. Clinical use and pharmacology of amiodarone. Medical Clinics of North America 68: 1339–1366, 1984
Heger JJ, Prystowsky EN, Zipes DP. Relationships between amiodarone dosage, drug concentrations, and adverse side effects. American Heart Journal 106: 931–935, 1983
Holt DW, Tucker GT, Jackson PR, Storey GCA. Amiodarone pharmacokinetics. American Heart Journal 106: 840–847, 1983
Lalloz MRA, Byfield PGH, Greenwood RM, Himsworth RL. Binding of amiodarone by serum proteins and the effects of drugs, hormones and other interacting ligands. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 36: 366–372, 1984
Lambert C, Cardinal R, Vermeulen M, Lamontagne D, Najdeau R, et al. Lack of relation between the ventricular refractory period prolongation by amiodarone and the thyroid state in rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 242: 320–325, 1987
Latham KR, Selliti DF, Goldstein RE. Interaction of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone with solubilized nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 9: 872–876, 1987
Mason JW, Hondeghem LM, Katzung BG. Block of inactivated sodium channels and of depolarization-induced automtaticity in guinea pig papillary muscle by amiodarone. Circulation Research 55: 277–285, 1984
Melville KI, Shister HE, Huq S. Iproveratril: experimental data on coronary dilatation and antiarrhythmic action. Canadian Medical Association Journal 90: 761–770, 1964
Morady F, DiCarlo Jr LA, Baerman JM, Krol RB. Rate-dependent effects of intravenous lidocaine, procainamide and amiodarone on intraventricular conduction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 6: 179–185, 1985
Morady F, DiCarlo Jr LA, Krol RB, Baerman JM, de Buitleir M. Acute and chronic effects of amiodarone on ventricular refractoriness, intraventricular conduction and ventricular tachycardia induction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 7: 148–157, 1986
Mostow ND, Rakita L, Vrobel TR, Noon DL, Blumer J. Amiodarone: correlation of serum concentration with suppression of complex ventricular ectopic activity. American Journal of Cardiology 54: 569–574, 1984
Mostow ND, Vrobel TR, Noon D, Rakita L. Rapid suppression of complex ventricular arrhythmias with high-dose oral amiodarone. Circulation 73: 1231–1238, 1986
Nademanee K, Kannan R, Hendrickson J, Ookhtens M, Kay I, et al. Amiodarone-digoxin interaction: clinical significance, time course of development, potential pharmacokinetic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 4: 111–116, 1984
Nademanee K, Singh BN, Callahan B, Hendrickson JA, Hershman JM. Amiodarone, thyroid hormone indexes, and altered thyroid function: long-term serial effects in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. American Journal of Cardiology 58: 981, 1986
Nattel S. Pharmacodynamic studies of amiodarone and its active N-desethyl metabolite. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 8: 771–777, 1986
Nattel S, Davies M, Quantz M. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone, alone and in combination, in dogs with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 77: 200–208, 1988
Nattel S, Gagné G, Pineau M. The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine and β-adrenoreceptor antagonists in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13: 293–316, 1987a
Nattel S, Talajic M, Quantz M, DeRoode M. Frequency-dependent effects of amiodarone on atrioventricular nodal function and slow-channel action potentials: evidence for calcium channel-blocking activity. Circulation 76: 442–449, 1987b
Nishimura M, Follmer CH, Cigan AL, Yeh JZ, Singer DH. Amiodarone blocks Ca++ current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation 74 (Suppl. II): 11–169, 1986
Nokin P, Clinet M, Swillens S, Delizée C, Meysmans L, et al. Allosteric modulation of [3H]nitrendipine binding to cardiac and cerebral cortex membranes by amiodarone. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 8: 1051–1057, 1986
Patterson E, Eller BT, Abrams GD, Vasiliades J, Lucchesi BR. Ventricular fibrillation in a conscious canine preparation of sudden coronary death: prevention by short-and long-term amiodarone administration. Circulation 68: 857–864, 1983
Polikar R, Goy JJ, Schlapfer J, Lemarchand-Beraud T, Biollaz J, et al. Effect of oral triiodothyronine during amiodarone treatment for ventricular premature complexes. American Journal of Cardiology 58: 987–991, 1986
Riva E, Gerna M, Latini R, Giani P, Volpi A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in man. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 4: 264–269, 1982
Rosenbaum MB, Chiale PA, Halpern MS, Nau GJ, Przybylski J, et al. Clinical efficacy of amiodarone as an antiarrhythmic agent. American Journal of Cardiology 38: 934–944, 1976
Rotmensch HH, Belhassen B, Swanson BN, Shoshani D, Spielman SR, et al. Steady-state serum amiodarone concentrations: relationships with antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity. Annals of Internal Medicine 101: 462–469, 1984
Rutitzky B, Girotti AL, Rosenbaum MB. Efficacy of chronic amiodarone therapy in patients with variant angina pectoris and inhibition of ergonovine coronary construction. American Heart Journal 103: 38–43, 1982
Saal AK, Werner JA, Greene HL, Sears GK, Graham EL. Effect of amiodarone on serum quinidine and procainamide levels. American Journal of Cardiology 53: 1264–1267, 1984
Saksena S, Rothbart ST, Shah Y, Cappello G. Clinical efficacy and electropharmacology of continuous intravenous amiodarone infusion and chronic oral amiodarone in refractory ventricular tachycardia. American Journal of Cardiology 54: 347–352, 1984
Sato R, Hisatome I, Singer DH. Amiodarone blocks the inward-rectifier K+ channel in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Circulation 76 (Suppl. IV): IV–150, 1987
Shaikh NA, Downar E. Effects of chronic amiodarone treatment on cat myocardial phospholipid content and on in vitro phospholipid catabolism. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, in press, 1987
Shaikh NA, Downar E, Butany J. Amiodarone —an inhibitor of phospholipase activity: a comparative study of the inhibitory effects of amiodarone, chloroquine and chlorpromazine. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 76: 163–172, 1987
Shea P, Lall R, Kim SS, Schechtman K, Ruffy R. Flecainide and amiodarone interaction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 7: 1127–1130, 1986
Sheldon RS, Cannon NJ, Hill RJ, Duff HJ. Amiodarone binds to the type I anti-arrhythmic drug receptor on the cardiac sodium channel. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 9: 50A, 1987
Singh BN. Amiodarone: historical development and pharmacologic profile. American Heart Journal 106: 788–797, 1983
Singh BN, Nademanee K. Amiodarone and thyroid function: clinical implications during antiarrhythmic therapy. American Heart Journal 106: 857–868, 1983
Singh BN, Vaughan Williams EM. The effect of amiodarone, a new anti-anginal drug, on cardiac muscle. British Journal of Pharmacology 39: 657–667, 1970
Sloskey GE. Amiodarone: a unique antiarrhythmic agent. Clinical Pharmacy 2: 330–340, 1983
Sogol PB, Hershmann JM, Reed AW, Dillmann WH. The effects of amiodarone on serum thyroid hormones and hepatic-thyroxine s’-monodeiodination in rats. Endocrinology 113: 1464–1469, 1983
Somani P, Simon VA, McManus K. Pharmacokinetics, antiarrhythmic effects, and tissue concentrations of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in dogs with acute coronary artery occlusion. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1: 56–65, 1985
Talajic M, DeRoode MR, Nattel S. Comparative electrophysiologic effects of intravenous amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in dogs: evidence for clinically relevant activity of the metabolite. Circulation 75: 265–271, 1987
Talajic M, Nattel S, Davies M, McCans J. The class III effects of amiodarone depend on intact thyroid function. (Abstract). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 11: 41 A, 1988
Van Schepdael J, Solvay H. Étude clinique de l’amiodarone dans les troubles du rythme cardiaque. Presse Médicale 78: 1849–1850, 1970
Varro A, Nakaya Y, Elharrar V, Surawicz B. Use-dependent effects of amiodarone on Vmax in cardiac Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibres. European Journal of Pharmacology 112: 419–422, 1985
Venkatesh N, Padbury JF, Singh BN. Effects of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone on rabbit myocardial β-adrenoceptors and serum thyroid hormones: absence of relationship to serum and myocardial drug concentrations. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 8: 989–997, 1986
Wellens HJJ, Brugada P, Abdollah H, Dassen WR. A comparison of the electrophysiologic effects of intravenous and oral amiodarone in the same patient. Circulation 69: 120–124, 1984
Windle J, Prystowsky EN, Miles WM, Heger JJ. Pharmacokinetic and electrophysiologic interactions of amiodarone and procainamide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 603–610, 1987
Yabek SM, Kato R, Singh BN. Acute effects of amiodarone on the electrophysiologic properties of isolated neonatal and adult cardiac fibres. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5: 1109–1115, 1985
Yabek SM, Kato R, Singh BN. Effects of amiodarone and its metabolite, desethylamiodarone, on the electrophysiologic properties of isolated cardiac muscle. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 8: 197–207, 1986
Zipes DP, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ. Amiodarone: electrophysiologic actions, pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 3: 1059–1071, 1984
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nattel, S., Talajic, M. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pharmacology of Amiodarone. Drugs 36, 121–131 (1988). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198836020-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198836020-00001