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Prazosin Update

A Review of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure

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Summary

Synopsis: Prazosin 1 is an orally active post-synaptic selective α 1-adrenoceptor antagonist that has been widely used in treating hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Its role in the treatment of hypertension has previously been reviewed in this journal. Subsequent reports confirm its efficacy in treating mild to severe hypertension as a single agent or, more frequently, in combination with another antihypertensive agent and/or a diuretic. Recent studies of the metabolic effect of prazosin indicate that the drug may have a favourable effect on plasma lipids in hypertensive patients. Its recent use in treatment of congestive heart failure has shown prazosin to be comparable with nitroprusside in producing balanced arterial and venous dilation with generally sustained haemodynamic and clinical effects during long term therapy. Initial studies in Raynaud’s phenomenon and in patients with aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis or with mitral regurgitation are promising, but require confirmation from wider clinical experience. The drug has generally been well tolerated. The primary side effect of orthostatic hypotension can be largely avoided by beginning treatment with a low dose.

Pharmacodynamic Studies: Prazosin, a quinazoline derivative, is a potent competitive postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptor antagonist. The vasodilation produced by prazosin, which is 1 ‘Minipress’ (Pfizer). both arteriolar and venous, does not appear to be consistently associated with reflex tachycardia which is a problem with other α-adrenoceptor antagonists (e.g. phentolamine) and vasodilators (hydralazine). However, increase in heart rate following acute administration has been noted by some investigators. This effect is less marked after several weeks of administration. It also dilates the coronary vasculature to a greater degree than phentolamine, but less than trimazosin. In human studies, prazosin has been found to markedly antagonise vasopressor effects of intravenous adrenaline without affecting response to angiotensin II. The vasodilator activity of prazosin has been confirmed to be due to α1-adrenoceptor antagonism and not to any nonspecific direct vasodilating properties. The primary haemodynamic effect of prazosin is to reduce blood pressure through a fall in total peripheral resistance both at rest and during exercise. This occurs with little or no effect on renal blood flow. In short term haemodynamic studies in patients with congestive heart failure, prazosin has shown significant beneficial effects in reducing pre- and afterload which may be most prominent during exercise. Recent studies indicate that prazosin may have a favourable effect on plasma lipids. Studies in diabetic patients have shown no deleterious effects of prazosin on glucose metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics: The bioavailability of prazosin is approximately 60% and may be affected by first-pass metabolism and the age of the patient. Formulation seems to affect the rate, but not the extent, of absorption. Prazosin has been shown to be over 90% bound to plasma proteins and appears to have a much higher affinity for the α1-acid glycoprotein than for albumin. The major route for prazosin metabolism is via 6- and 7-O-dealkylation in the liver. Reported half-lives of the elimination phase in patients without significant organ disease have ranged from 2.5 to 2.9 hours. Clearance seems to be decreased in patients with congestive heart failure; renal dysfunction does not significantly affect elimination kinetics. To date, no studies have been completed in patients with liver disease to assess effects on prazosin clearance. Most studies have shown a poor correlation between prazosin plasma concentration and changes in blood pressure following oral administration.

Therapeutic Trials: In numerous therapeutic trials, prazosin has been demonstrated to be effective in mild to severe hypertension, as a sole agent in mild and moderate hypertension, and in more severe hypertension in combination with a β-adrenoceptor blocker and/or diuretic, hydralazine and other antihypertensive agents such as clonidine, guanethidine or methyldopa. Comparative studies have shown prazosin to be as effective as methyldopa, clonidine, hydralazine, atenolol, indoramin, minoxidil, tolamolol, propranolol and labetalol in reducing blood pressure, and to be effective when added to treatment regimens (most often diuretics plus β-adrenoceptor blocking drugs) which had not provided adequate blood pressure control. Data from follow-up of long term prazosin use for periods of 2 to 5 years in patients with moderate to severe hypertension have demonstrated continued efficacy of the drug and acceptable patient compliance. Tachycardia and a significant increase in cardiac output are not commonly encountered. Prazosin causes little or no change in glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow and has been shown to have no adverse effect on renal function in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. It has also been shown to have no adverse effects in pregnant hypertensive patients, or those with respiratory disorders, left ventricular failure, or diabetes.

Prazosin has been generally accepted as a safe and well tolerated drug in patients with congestive heart failure. Trials involving small numbers of patients treated over several months have demonstrated the effectiveness of prazosin in providing sustained improvements in cardiac haemodynamics, exercise tolerance in well-being as defined by the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. Although an attenuation of initial effects has been observed with longer term therapy this has generally proven to be a reversible, transient phenomenon without clinically significant impact on the value of sustained ambulatory therapy with prazosin. Despite early reports of late haemodynamic tolerance to prazosin in patients treated for 3 to 6 months, most therapeutic trials have demonstrated a definite sustained beneficial response to the drug. In some patients, this delayed tolerance has been managed by prior administration of spironolactone, addition or an increase in diuretic dosage and by temporary dosage increases or interruption of prazosin treatment. Thus, although results of clinical trials to date have generally been encouraging, long term trials are required before definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of prazosin in long term treatment of congestive heart failure.

Prazosin reduces preload and afterload and augments cardiac performance in patients with myocardial infarction and with aortic regurgitation. Afterload reduction resulting from prazosin use has also been demonstrated in patients with mitral and aortic regurgitation. Because of its lack of adverse effect on lung function, prazosin may be of value in treating hypertensive patients with asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease.

Side Effects: The majority of reported side effects associated with prazosin use occur during initial treatment, the main reaction being postural hypotension with symptoms of dizziness and faintness, sometimes accompanied by palpitations and fainting. This dose-related side effect may be reduced or eliminated by gradual dose titration. Other reported side effects in clinical studies of hypertension and congestive heart failure are also generally mild and/or transient and include delayed orthostatic symptoms, headache, drowsiness, palpitations, nausea, weakness or lack of energy, dry mouth, urinary urgency or incontinence, skin rash, and aggravation of angina. Sexual dysfunction is rare. The postural hypotension occuring after the first dose of prazosin in hypertensive patients is rarely a problem in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Dosage and Administration: Initial dosage of 0.5mg 2 or 3 times daily, with the first dose given at bedtime, generally will prevent or minimise first-dose fainting. The therapeutic dosage range in both hypertensive and congestive heart failure is usually between 2 and 20mg daily. Although efficacy is not increased in most patients at dosages above 20mg daily, some patients have benefited from dosages up to 40mg daily. Twice daily dosage regimens can be employed for maintenance therapy. An increase in dosage and/or brief discontinuation (about 2 weeks) of therapy has been employed in congestive heart failure patients to overcome the tolerance to the vasodilator effect which occurs in some of these patients with long term use.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma, USA

    W. F. Stanaszek, D. Kellerman, R. N. Brogden & J. A. Romankiewicz

  2. ADIS Drug Information Services, New York, USA

    W. F. Stanaszek, D. Kellerman, R. N. Brogden & J. A. Romankiewicz

  3. ADIS Drug Information Services, P.O. Box 34-030, Birkenhead, Auckland 10, New Zealand

    W. F. Stanaszek, D. Kellerman, R. N. Brogden & J. A. Romankiewicz

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  1. W. F. Stanaszek
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  2. D. Kellerman
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  3. R. N. Brogden
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  4. J. A. Romankiewicz
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Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: W.S. Aronow, School of Medicine, Cardiac Center, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; D.N. Bateman, Wolfson Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, The University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England; T.F. Blaschke, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, USA; Pr. Agr. P. Jaillon, Unité de Pharmacologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; R.D. Magorien, Division of Cardiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; J.L. Mehta, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; J.A. Millar, Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand; E.A. Ramirez, Veterans Administration, San Juan, Puerto Rico; J.I.S. Robertson, MRC Blood Pressure Unit, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland; G.S. Stokes, Cardio-Renal Unit, Kanematsu Memorial Institute, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, Australia; M. Witkowska, Department of Pharmacology, Medical Academy of Wroclaw, Poland.

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Stanaszek, W.F., Kellerman, D., Brogden, R.N. et al. Prazosin Update. Drugs 25, 339–384 (1983). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198325040-00002

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