Summary
Synopsis: Domperidone1 is a dopamine antagonist that does not readily enter the central nervous system. Given parenterally or orally it increases gastric emptying of liquids and increases lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in healthy subjects. The antiemetic and pharmacodynamic profile of domperidone is similar to that of metoclopramide, although domperidone has a lower propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects. Domperidone effectively alleviates symptoms of chronic postprandial dyspepsia and nausea and vomiting due to a wide variety of underlying causes and in some studies has been superior to metoclopramide. Vomiting associated with the administration of moderately emetic cytotoxic drugs is controlled in the majority of patients. Alleviation of the dose-limiting peripheral side effects (nausea and vomiting) of the anti-Parkinsonian drugs bromocriptine and levodopa, enables a higher optimum dose, with consequent improvement in Parkinsonian symptoms. Domperidone does not aggravate the extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptic drugs. Control of cytotoxic-induced, and postprandial nausea and vomiting in children has been achieved with domperidone without evidence of extrapyramidal side effects. Indeed, side effects have seldom occurred with therapeutic doses of domperidone.
Pharmacodynamic Studies: Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist with antiemetic properties similar to those of metoclopramide and certain neuroleptic drugs. Unlike these drugs, however, domperidone does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and seldom causes extrapyramidal side effects.
The wide dissociation between the peripheral and central effects of domperidone has been clearly demonstrated in animal studies by the low brain concentrations after systemic administration, the lack of effect on plasma concentrations of the dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid, the marked differences in the effect of intracerebrally and systemically administered domperidone in antagonising the behavioural effects of dopamine, and the wide difference in the intravenous dosage needed to antagonise the peripheral (emetic) and central effects of apomorphine.
Studies in humans have shown intravenous and oral domperidone to increase lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in healthy subjects, to increase the duration of antral and duodenal contractions, to increase the gastric emptying of liquids and semi-solids such as a barium meal, and to shorten the stationary phase for solids in healthy subjects and in patients in whom it was delayed. The effect in patients with histologically confirmed reflux oesophagitis has, however, been equivocal.
Administered orally or intravenously, domperidone is a potent stimulant of prolactin release in both males and females, although peak concentrations of prolactin are consistently higher in females than in males. The increase in plasma prolactin occurs in healthy subjects, in hyperprolactinaemia after childbirth, and in hypothyroid patients, but domperidone has little effect on plasma prolactin in patients with a prolactin-secreting tumour. Domperidone does not affect plasma growth hormone or aldosterone concentrations.
Pharmacokinetics: Peak plasma concentrations are attained at 10 to 30 minutes after intramuscular and oral administration, and at 1 to 2 hours after rectal administration of suppositories. Systemic bioavailability of intramuscular domperidone is about 90%, whereas that of oral domperidone is 13 to 17%. The low systemic bioavailability is probably due to ‘first-pass’ hepatic and gut wall metabolism. Oral bioavailability is increased when domperidone is administered 90 minutes after a meal, but is decreased by prior administration of cimetidine or sodium bicarbonate.
Distribution data in humans are lacking, but studies in rats with radiolabelled drug have shown wide distribution in body tissues except the central nervous system, where only low concentrations occur. Small amounts of radioactivity cross the placental barrier.
In humans, the apparent volume of distribution is 440L, or 5.7 L/kg, after intravenous administration. The human plasma protein binding of tritiated domperidone is about 92%.
Domperidone undergoes rapid and extensive biotransformation by hydroxylation and oxidative N-dealkylation. The proportion of the drug remaining unchanged is small, accounting for only 1.4% of the total urinary radioactivity and 10% of the faecal radioactivity. After oral administration of 40mg l4C-domperidone in healthy volunteers, 31% of the radioactivity is excreted in the urine and 60% in the faeces over a period of 4 days. Practically all of the urinary radioactivity is recovered within the first 24 hours, with only 1.4% (0.43% of the dose) present as unchanged drug. The greatest proportion of that part of the dose recovered in the urine is in the form of glucuronide conjugates of the metabolite formed by oxidative N-dealkylation. The elimination half-life of domperidone is 7.5 hours in healthy subjects and is prolonged to up to 20.8 hours in patients with severe renal dysfunction. However, since renal clearance is small compared with total plasma clearance (700 ml/minute), accumulation should not occur in renal dysfunction.
Therapeutic Trials: Domperidone has been extensively studied in the treatment of a cluster of symptoms commonly referred to as chronic dyspepsia and in the treatment and prevention of nausea and vomiting resulting from a variety of causes.
In studies comparing oral domperidone 30 to 80mg with placebo or with an equal dose of metoclopramide in patients with functional postprandial dyspepsia, domperidone has been superior to placebo where adequate numbers of patients have been studied and at least as effective as metoclopramide. Assessment has usually been by changes in symptom scores and global assessment.
Studies in patients with reflux oesophagitis confirmed by endoscopy and/or biopsy, have usually shown no difference between the effect of domperidone 30 to 80mg daily and placebo as assessed by repeat endoscopy, biopsy or acid infusion tests. However, domperidone has relieved some symptoms to a greater extent than placebo.
Preliminary studies in endoscopically confirmed gastric ulcer have reported domperidone 60mg to be more effective than placebo in promoting healing. In a single study, lasting only 3.5 weeks, no significant difference between the rates of healing with cimetidine 1g daily and domperidone 50mg daily could be detected. Further well designed studies of longer duration are needed to determine the role of domperidone in promoting healing of gastric ulcers.
Domperidone has been shown to be an effective antiemetic in patients with postoperative vomiting, when administered after the first vomiting episode. However, when administered before induction or near the end of anaesthesia, postoperative emetic sequelae have not consistently been prevented. The reasons for the indifferent efficacy of domperidone in these studies is unclear, but may be associated with the route of administration, narcotic premedication and the time between administration and the postoperative recovery period.
Nausea and vomiting associated with cytotoxic drug therapy has generally been effectively controlled by parenteral domperidone administered immediately before the cytotoxic regimen. Domperidone has usually been found to be superior to placebo and comparable with metoclopramide. As might be expected, symptoms accompanying the use of strongly emetic drugs like mustine (mechlorethamine; nitrogen mustard) and dacarbazine have been controlled less often than those associated with moderately emetic cytotoxic drugs.
In children, domperidone has been successfully used to treat cytotoxic-induced vomiting, that associated with various underlying conditions such as gastroenteritis, gastritis and acetonaemia, and acute and persistent symptoms arising after food. There have been no reported instances of extrapyramidal side effects.
When administered concomitantly with the anti-Parkinsonian drug, bromocriptine, domperidone has suppressed peripheral dose-limiting side effects (nausea and vomiting), thus enabling patients to tolerate higher doses of bromocriptine. Gastrointestinal symptoms induced by levodopa have also been alleviated by oral domperidone. The beneficial central effects of the anti-Parkinsonian drugs were not aggravated by domperidone, and extrapyramidal side effects attributable to domperidone were not reported.
Side Effects: Domperidone has been particularly well tolerated and has seldom caused any important side effects. There have been no extrapyramidal side effects reported during controlled therapeutic trials with domperidone, although a few anecdotal reports of such effects have been published.
Dosage: In adults with chronic postprandial dyspepsia the usual adult dose is 10mg 3 or 4 times daily before meals and at night. In children 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight is recommended. In acute vomiting requiring parenteral administration the daily dose should not exceed 1 mg/kg bodyweight. When administered rectally, the adult dosage is 60mg 2 to 4 times daily. In children younger than 2 years, a 10mg suppository should be inserted 2 to 4 times daily. In older children the usual daily rectal dose is 60mg in those aged 2 to 4 years, 90mg in those 4 to 6 years and 120mg in those over 6 years.
Adult patients with acute symptoms who are able to take the drug orally should be given 20 to 40mg 3 or 4 times daily. Children should receive 0.6 mg/kg 3 to 4 times daily.
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References
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Various sections of the manuscript reviewed by: J.R.B.J. Brouwers, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, General Hospital de Tjongerschans, Heerenveen, The Netherlands; R. Clara, Department of Paediatrics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; R.D. Cooke, Department of Anaesthetics, University of Cape Town, South Africa; K. Korttila, Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; E.E. Müller, Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; A. O’Meara, Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland; N.P. Quinn, University Department of Neurology, Maudsley Hospital, London, England; J.E. Valenzuela, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; M. Van Eygen, Department of Paediatrics, City Hospital, Drabtstratt, Roeselane, Belgium.
‘Motilium’ (Janssen).
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Brogden, R.N., Carmine, A.A., Heel, R.C. et al. Domperidone. Drugs 24, 360–400 (1982). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198224050-00002
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198224050-00002
Keywords
- Prolactin
- Gastric Emptying
- Dyspepsia
- Metoclopramide
- Bromocriptine