References
Ahlenius, S. and Engel, J.: Behavioural and biochemical effects of L-dopa after inhibition of dopamine-hydroxylase in reserpine pretreated rats. Naunyn-Schmeideberg’s Archiv fur Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie 270: 349–360 (1971).
Aminoff, M.J. and Marshall, J.: Treatment of Huntington’s chorea with lithium carbonate. Lancet 1: 107–109 (1974).
Aquilonius, S.M. and Sjostrom, R.: Cholinergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in Huntington’s chorea. Life Sciences 10: 405–414(1971).
Barbeau, A.: The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease; a new hypothesis. Canadian Medical Association Journal 87: 802–807 (1962).
Barbeau, A.: Biochemistry of Huntington’s chorea; in Barbeau, Chase and Paulson (Eds.). Advances in Neurology, vol.1, pp.473–516 (Raven Press, New York 1973).
Bernheimer, H. and Hornykiewicz, O.: Das Verhalten einiger. Enzyme in Gehirn normaler und Parkinson-krauker Menschen. Naunyn-Schmeideberg’s Archiv fur Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmacologie 243: 295 (1962).
Bertler, A. and Rosengren, E.: Occurrence and distribution of dopamine in brain and other tissues. Experientia’ 15: 10–11 (1959).
Bird, ED.; Mackay, A.V.P.; Rayner, C.N. and Iversen, L.L.: Reduced glutamic-acid-decarb-oxylase activity of post-mortem brain in Huntington’s chorea. Lancet 1: 1090 (1973).
Birkmayer, W. and Hornykiewicz, O.: The L-3, 4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA) effect in Parkinson-akinesia. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 73: 787–788 (1961).
Birkmayer, W. and Hornykiewicz, O.: Der L-Dioxyphenylalanin (L-DOPA) Effekt beim Parkinson-Syndrom des Menschen: Zur Pathogenese und Behandlung der Parkinson-Akinese. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten vereinigt mit Zeischrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 203: 560–574(1962).
Bruyn, G.W.: Huntington’s chorea. Historical, clinical and laboratory synopsis; in Vinken and Bruyn (Eds.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol.6, pp.298–378 (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1968).
Carlsson, A.: Biochemical aspects of abnormal movements induced by L-Dopa; in Barbeau and McDowell (Eds.) L-Dopa and Parkinsonism, pp.205–212 (Davis, Philadelphia 1970).
Carlsson, A. and Lindquist, M.: Effect of chiorpromazine or haloperidol on formation of 3-methoxytyramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 20: 140–144(1963).
Carlsson, A.; Lindquist, M.; Magnusson, T. and Waldeck, B.: On the presence of 3-hydroxytyramine in brain. Science 127: 471 (1958).
Chase, T.N.: Biochemical and pharmacologic studies of monoamines in Huntington’s chorea; in Barbeau, Chase and Paulson (Eds.) Advances in Neurology, vol.1, pp.533–542 (Raven Press, New York (1973).
Chase, T.N.: Fusaric acid in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 24: 637–639(1974).
Chase, T.N.; Watnabe, A.M.; Brodie, H.L.M. and Donnely, E.F.: Huntington’s chorea: Effect of serotonin depletion. Archives of Neurology 26: 282–284 (1972).
Cotzias, G.C.; Papavasilious, P.S. and Gellene, R.: Modification of parkinsonism — chronic treatment with L-dopa. New England Journal of Medicine 280: 337–345 (1969).
Dalby, M.A.: Effect of tetrabenazine on extrapyramidal movement disorders. British Medical Journal 2: 422–423 (1969).
Dalen, P.: Lithium therapy in Huntington’s chorea and tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 1: 107–108(1973).
De Silva, L. and Huang, C.Y.: Deanol in tardive dyskinesia. British Medical Journal 3: 466 (1975).
Ehringer, H. and Hornykiewicz, O.: Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behaviour in diseases of the extrapyramidal system. Klinische Wochenschrift 38: 1236–1239 (1960).
Fahn, S.; Mishkin, M.M. and Hoffman, R.R.: Pharmacologic and radiologic investigations in Huntington’s chorea; in Barbeau, Chase and Paulson (Eds.) Advances in Neurology, vol.1, pp.581–597 (Raven Press, New York 1973).
Gardos, G.; Cole, J.O. and Sniffin, C: An evaluation of papaverine in tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 16: 304–310(1976).
Gerstenbrrand, F.; Patelsky, K. and Prosenz, P.: Erfahungen mit L-dopa in der therapie des Parkinsonismus. Psychiatria Neurologia (Basel) 146: 246–261 (1963).
Gray, M.W.; Herzberg, L.; Lenman, J.A.R.; Turnbull, M.J. and Victoratos, G.: Amantadine in chorea. Lancet 2: 132 (1975).
Greenhouse, A.H.: On chorea, lupus erythematosus and cerebral arteritis. Archives of Internal Medicine 117: 389–393 (1966).
Herskovits, E. and Gacitua, E.F.: Effect of fusaric acid in Parkinson’s disease. Medicina (B. Aires) 33: 51–58 (1973).
Holmsted, B. and Lundgren, G.: Tremorgenic agents and brain acetyl choline; in mechanisms of Release of Biogenic Amines, Proceedings of International Wenner-Gren Symposium, Stockholm, 1965, pp.439–468 (Permagon, Oxford 1966).
Hunter, R.; Earl, C.J. and Thornicroft, S.: An apparently irreversible syndrome of abnormal movements following phenothiazine medication. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 57: 758–762(1964).
Kilpatrick, W.L. and Sanders, F.: Clinical evaluation of reserpine in a State Hospital. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 61: 123–143 (1955).
Klawans, H.L.; Paulson, G.W.; Ringel, S.P. and Barbeau, A.: Use of L-dopa in the detection of presymptomatic Huntington’s chorea. New England Journal of Medicine 286: 1332–1334 (1972).
Klawans, H.L. and Rubovits, R.: Central cholinergic-anti-cholinergic antagonism in Huntington’s chorea. Neurology 22: 107–116(1972).
McGeer, P.L. and McGeer, E.G.: Neurotransmitter synthetic enzymes. Progress in Neurobiology 2: 67–117 (1973).
Macintosh, F.C.: Distribution of acetylcholine in peripheral and central nervous system. Journal of Physiology (Lond.) 99: 436–442(1941).
McLellan, D.L.; Chalmers, R.J. and Johnson, R.H.: A double-blind trial of tetrabenazine, thiopropazate and placebo in patients with chorea. Lancet 1: 104–107 (1974).
Mena, I.; Court, J. and Cotzias, G.C.: Levodopa, involuntary movements and fusaric acid. Journal of the American Medical Association 218: 1829–1830(1971).
Miller, E.J.: Deanol in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Neurology 24: 116–119 (1974).
Nashold, B.S. Jr.: Cholinergic Stimulation of globus pallidus in man. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York) 101: 68–69 (1959).
Oepen, I. and Oepen, H.: Tryptophanbelastungstest bel Huntingtonscher chorea. Humangenetik 7: 197–202 (1969).
Ordenstein, L.; M.D. thesis: Surla paralysie agitante et la sclerose en plaques genaralisee (Martinet, Paris 1867).
Pearce, J.: Reversal of hemiballismus by tetrabenazine. Journal of the American Medical Association 219: 1345 (1972).
Perry, T.L.; Hansen, S. and Kloster, M.: Huntington’s chorea. Deficiency of γ-aminobutyric acid in brain. New England Journal of Medicine 288: 337 (1973).
Pfeiffer, C.C.: Deanol: A biochemical stimulant. Modern Hospital 91: 120–126(1958).
Pfeiffer, C.C.; Jenney, E.H.; Gallagher, W.; Smith, R.P.; Bevan, W. Jr.; Killam, K.F.; Killam, E.K. and Blackmore, W.: Stimulant effect of 2-dimethylaminoethanol; possible precursor of brain acetyl choline. Science 126: 610–611 (1957).
Pieris, J.B.; Boralessa, H. and Lionel, N.D.W.: Clonazepam in the treatment of choreiform activity. Medical Journal of Australia 1: 225(1976).
Rubovits, R. and Klawans, H.L.: Serotonin role in Huntington’s chorea. New England Journal of Medicine 286: 1161 (1972).
Tamminga, C; Smith, R.C.; Ericksen, S.E.; Chang, S. and Davis, J.M.: Cholinergic influences in tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 134: 769–774(1977).
Vaughan, G.F.; Leiberman, D.M. and Cook, L.C.: Chlorpromazine in psychiatry. Lancet 1: 1083–1087 (1955).
Walker, J.E.; Hoehn, M,; Sears, E. and Lewis, J.: Dimethyl aminoethanol in Huntington’s chorea. Lancet 1: 1512–1513 (1973).
Zucker, K.: Ueber die Wirkung des Physostigmus bei Erkrankungen des Extrapyramidalen Systems. Monatsschrift fur Psychiatrie und Neurologie 58: 11–30 (1925).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Silva, L. Biochemical Mechanisms and Management of Choreiform Movement Disorders. Drugs 14, 300–310 (1977). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197714040-00005
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-197714040-00005