Skip to main content

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Cyclosporin (Part II)

Summary

Part I of this article, which appeared in the previous issue of the Journal, considered the potential mechanisms of drug interactions with cyclosporin, and divided the interacting drugs into 2 categories. Drugs that decrease cyclosporin concentrations (e.g. anticonvulsants, rifampicin, etc.) were dealt with first; the authors then moved on to consider the second category, those that increase cyclosporin concentration (macrolide antibiotics, azole antifungal drugs). Part II continues the survey of this category.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References

  • Allen RDM, Hunnisett AG, Morris PJ. Cyclosporin and rifampicin in renal transplantation. Lancet 1: 980, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JE, Blaschke TF. Ketoconazole inhibits cyclosporine metabolism in vivo in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 236: 671–674, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angermann CE, Spes CH, Anthuber M, Kemkes BM, Theisen K. Verapamil increases cyclosporin-A blood trough levels in cardiac transplant recipients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 11: 206A, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki FY, Yatscoff R, Jeffery J, Rush D, Sitar D. Effects of erythromycin on cyclosporine A kinetics in renal transplant patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 221, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoyama T, Yamano S, Waxman DJ, Lapenson DP, Meyer UA, et al. Cytochrome P-450 hPCN3, a novel cytochrome P-450 IIIA gene product that is differentially expressed in adult human liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 10388–10395, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson K, Biggs JC, Britton K, Short R, Mrongovius R, et al. Oral administration of cyclosporine A for recipients of allogeneic marrow transplants: implications of clinical gut dysfunction. British Journal of Haematology 56: 223–231, 1984

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson K, Boland J, Britton J, Briggs J. Blood and tissue distribution of cyclosporine in humans and mice. Transplantation Proceedings 15 (Suppl. 1): 2430–2433, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avent CK, Krinsky D, Kirklin JK, Bourge RC, Figg WD. Synergistic nephrotoxicity due to ciprofloxacin and cyclosporine. American Journal of Medicine 85: 452–453, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bach D, Blevins R, Kerner N, Rubenfire M, Edwards DJ. The effect of verapamil on antipyrine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 655–659, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer LA, Stenwell M, Horn JR, Davis R, Opheim K, et al. Changes in antipyrine and indocyanine green kinetics during nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem therapy. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40: 239–242, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Ari J, Eisenstein B, Davidovits M, Shmueli D, Shapira Z, et al. Effect of erythromycin on blood cyclosporin concentrations in kidney transplant patients. Journal of Pediatrics 112: 992–993, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertault-Peres P, Bonfils C, Fabre G, Just S, Cano JP, et al. Metabolism of cyclosporine: II. Implication of the macrolide antibiotic inducible cytochrome P-450 3c from rabbit liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 15: 391–397, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beveridge T, Gratwohl A, Michot F, Niederberger W, Nuesch E, et al. Cyclosporin A: pharmacokinetics after a single dose in man and serum levels after multiple dosing in recipients of allogeneic bone-marrow grafts. Current Therapeutic Research 30: 5–18, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  • Birmele B, Lebranchu Y, Beliveau F, Rateau H, Furet Y, et al. Absence of interaction between cyclosporine and spiramycin. Transplantation 47: 927–928, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blyden GT, Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Ketoconazole does not impair antipyrine clearance in humans. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 24: 225–226, 1986

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourbigot B, Guiserrix J, Airiau JM, Bressollette L, Morin JF. Nicardipine increases cyclosporin blood levels. Lancet 1: 1447, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brayman KL, Nakamura J, Naji A, Barker CF, Choti MA, et al. The effect of phenobarbital and methylprednisolone on the biotransformation of cyclosporine in the rat. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 553–556, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockmoller J, Neumayer H-H, Wagner K, Weber W, Heinemeyer G, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporin and diltiazem. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 38: 237–242, 1990

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burckart GJ, Venkataramanan R, Starzl T, Ptachcinski RJ, Gartner JC, et al. Cyclosporine clearance in children following organ transplantation. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 412, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Butman SM, Wild J, Nolan P, Fagan T, Mackle M, et at. Cyclosporine and concomitant ketoconazole after cardiac transplantation: intermediate term findings and potential savings. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 13 (Suppl. A): 62A, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantarovich M, Hiesse C, Lockiec F, Charpentier B, Fries D. Confirmation of the interaction between cyclosporine and the calcium channel blocker nicardipine in renal transplant patients. Clinical Nephrology 28: 103–190, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrum G, Egan JM, Abernethy DR. Diltiazem treatment impairs hepatic drug oxidation: studies with antipyrine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40: 140–143, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartensen H, Jacobsen N, Dieperink H. Interaction between cyclosporin A and phenobarbitone. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 550–551, 1986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy MJD, Van Zyl-Smit R, Pascoe MD, Swanepoel CR, Jacobson JE. Effects of rifampicin on cyclosporin A blood levels in a renal transplant recipient. Nephron 41: 207–208, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charles BG, Ravenscroft PJ, Rigby RJ. The ketoconazole-cyclosporin interaction in an elderly renal transplant patient. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 19: 292–293, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christians U, Schlitt HJ, Bleck JS, Schiebel HM, Kownatzki R, et al. Measurement of cyclosporine and 18 metabolites in blood, bile and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 609–613, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collignon P, Hurley B, Mitchell D. Interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporin. Lancet 1: 1262, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Combalbert J, Fabre I, Fabre G, Dalet I, Derancourt J, et al. Metabolism of cyclosporin A. IV. Purification and identification of the rifampicin-inducible human liver cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) as a product of P450IIIA gene subfamily. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 17: 197–207, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Copur MS, Tasdemir I, Turgan C, Yasavul U, Caglar S. Effects of nitrendipine on blood pressure and blood cyclosporin A level in patients with post-transplant hypertension. Nephron 52: 227–230, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coward RA, Raftery AT, Brown CB. Cyclosporin and antituberculous therapy. Lancet 1: 1342–1343, 1985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW, Ene MD, Johnson FEM, Potten MR, et al. Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of ketoconazole and their effects on antipyrine kinetics in man. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 12: 185–188, 1983

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels NJ, Dover JS, Schachter RK. Interaction between cyclosporin and rifampicin. Lancet 2: 639, 1984

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Groen PC, Aksamit AJ, Rakela J, Forbes GS, Krom RAF. Central nervous system toxicity after liver transplantation: the role of cyclosporine and cholesterol. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 861–866, 1987

    PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deray G, Aupetit B, Martinez F, Baumelou A, Worcel A, et al. Ciclosporin-nicardipine interaction. American Journal of Nephrology 9: 349, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deray G, LeHoang P, Cacoub P, Assogba U, Grippon P, et al. Oral contraceptive interaction with cyclosporin. Lancet 1: 158–159, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diepennk H, Moller J. Ketoconazole and cyclosporin. Lancet 2: 1217, 1982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’souza MJ, Pollack SH, Solomon HM. Cyclosporine-phenytoin interaction. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 16: 256–258, 1988a

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D’souza MJ, Pollack SH, Solomon HM. Cyclosponne-cimetidine interaction. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 16: 57–59, 1988b

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan JI, Heys SD, Thomson AW, Simpson JG, Whiting PH. Influence of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme-inducer phenobarbitone on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicty in renal-allografted rats. Transplantation 45: 693–697, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards DJ, Bowles SK, Svensson CK, Rybak MJ. Inhibition of drug metabolism by quinolone antibiotics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 15: 180–193, 1988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehninger G, Jaschonek K, Schuler U, Kruger HU. Interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporin. Lancet 2: 104–105, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elston RA, Taylor J. Possible interaction of ciprofloxacin with cyclosporin A. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21: 679–680, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fabre I, Fabre G, Maurel P, Bertault-Peres, P, Cano JP, Metabolism of cyclosporin A. III. Interaction of the macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin, using rabbit hepatocytes and microsomal fractions. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 16: 296–301, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson RM, Sutherland DER, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. Ketoconazole, cyclosporin metabolism and renal transplantation. Lancet 2: 882–883, 1982

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • First MR, Weiskittel P, Alexander JW, Schroeder TJ, Myre SA, et al. Concomitant administration of cyclosporin and ketoconazole in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 2: 1198–1201, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed BM, Rosano TG, Lempert N. In vitro immunosuppressive properties of cyclosporine metabolites. Transplantation 43: 123–127, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman DJ, Laupacis A, Keown PA, Stiller CR, Carruthers SG. Evaluation of cyclosporine-phenytoin interaction with observations on cyclosporine metabolites. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18: 887–893, 1984

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman DJ, Martell R, Carruthers SG, Heinrichs D, Keown PA, et al. Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in normal subjects. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 23: 776–778, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey FJ. Concomitant cyclosporin and ketoconazole. Lancet 335: 109, 1990

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frey FJ, Schnetzer A, Horber FF, Frey BM. Evidence that cyclosporine does not affect the metabolism of prednisolone after renal transplantation. Transplantation 43: 494–498, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girardet RG, Melo JC, Fox MS, Whalen C, Lusk R, et al. Concomitant administration of cyclosporine and ketoconazole for three and a half years in one heart transplant recipient. Transplantation 48: 887–890, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gluckman E, Devergie A, Lokiec E, Poirier O, Baumelou A. Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A in bone marrow transplantation. Lancet 2: 144–145, 1981

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godin JRP, Sketris IS, Belitsky P. Erythromycin-cyclosporine interaction. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 20: 504–505, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonwa TA, Nghiem DD, Schulak JA, Corry RJ. Erythromycin and cyclosporine. Transplantation 41: 797–799, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graves NM, Matas AJ, Hilligoss DM, Canafax DM. Fluconazole/cyclosporine interaction. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 47: 208, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Grevel J. Absorption of cyclosporin A after oral dosing. Transplantation Proceedings 18 (Suppl. 5): 9–15, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grino JM, Sabate I, Castelao AM, Alsina J. Influence of diltiazem on cyclosporin clearance. Lancet 1: 1387, 1986a

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grino JM, Sabate I, Castelao AM, Guardia M, Seron D, et al. Erythromycin and cyclosporine. Annals of Internal Medicine 105: 467–468, 1986b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillemain R, Billaud E, Dreyfus G, Amrein C, Kitzis M, et al. The effects of spiramycin on plasma cyclosporin A concentrations in heart transplant patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36: 97–98, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SK, Bakran A, Johnson RWG, Rowland M. Cyclosporinerythromycin interaction in renal transplant patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 475–481, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SK, Benet LZ. Food increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 45: 148, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Harnett JD, Parfrey PS, Paul MD, Gault MH. Erythromycin-cyclosporine interaction in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 43: 316–318, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henricsson S, Lindholm A. Inhibition of cyclosporine metabolism by other drugs in vitro. Transplantation Proceedings 20: 569–571, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillebrand G, Castro LA, van Scheldt W, Beukelmann D, Land W, et al. Valproate for epilepsy in renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine. Transplantation 43: 915–916, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hourmant M, LeBigot JF, Vernillet L, Sagniez G, Remi JP, et al. Coadministration of erythromcyin results in an increase in blood cyclosporin to toxic levels. Transplantation Proceedings 17: 2723–2727, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard P, Bixler TJ, Gill B. Cyclosporine-rifampicin drug interaction. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 763–764, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer PF, Offner G, Wonigeit K, Brodeht J, Pichlmayr R. Dosage of cyclosporin A in children with renal transplants. Clinical Nephrology 22: 68–71, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hricik DE, Mortiz C, Mayes JT, Schulak JA. Association of the absence of steroid therapy with increased cyclosporine blood levels in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 49: 221–223, 1990

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadoul M, Hene RJ. Ranitidine and the cyclosporine-treated recipient. Transplantation 48: 359, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadoul M, Pirson Y, Van Ypersele De Strihou C. Norfloxacin and cyclosporine-a safe combination. Transplantation 47: 747–748, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarowcnko MV, Buren CTV, Kramer WG, Lorber MI, Flechner SM, et al. Ranitidine, cimetidine and cyclosporine-treated recipient. Transplantation 42: 311–312, 1986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen CWB, Flechner SM, Van Buren CT, Frazier OH, Cooley DA, et al. Exacerbation of cyclosporine toxicity by concomitant administration of erythromycin. Transplantation 43: 263–270, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DK, Hakim M, Wallwork J, Higenbottam TW, White DJG. Serious interaction between cyclosporin A and sulphadimidine. British Medical Journal 292: 728–729, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan BD (Ed.) Cyclosporine: applications in autoimmune diseases, Grune & Stratton, Philadelphia, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahan BD. Cyclosporine. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 1725–1738, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahan BD, Grevel J. Optimization of cyclosporine therapy in renal transplantation by a pharmacokinetic strategy. Transplantation 43: 631–644, 1988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy MS, Yee GC, McGuire TR, Leonard TM, Crowley JJ, et al. Correlation of serum cyclosporine concentration with renal dysfunction in marrow transplant recipients. Transplantation 40: 249–253, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keogh A, Esmore D, Spratt P, Savdie E, McCluskey P. Acetazolamide and cyclosporine. Transplantation 46: 478–479, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keown PA, Laupacis A, Carruthers G, Stawecki M, Koegler J, et al. Interaction between phenytoin and cylosporine following organ transplantation. Transplantation 38: 304–306, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keown PA, Stiller CR, Laupacis AL, Howson W, Coles R, et al. The effects and side effects of cyclosporine: relationship to drug pharmacokinetics. Transplantation Proceedings 14: 659–661, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler M, Louis J, Renoult E, Vigneron B, Netter P. Interaction between cyclosporin and erythromycin in a kidney transplant patient. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30: 633–634, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler M, Netter P, Renoult E, Jonon B, Mur JM, et al. Influence of nicardipine on renal function and plasma cyclosporin in renal transplant patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36: 637–638, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler M, Netter P, Zerrouki M, Renoult E, Trechot P, et al. Spiramycin does not increase plasma cyclosporin concentrations in renal transplant patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35: 331–332, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiberd BA. Cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction in human renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 48: 965–969, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klintmalm G, Sawe J. High dose methylprednisolone increases plasma cyclosporin levels in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 1: 721, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Klintmalm G, Sawe J, Ringden O, von Bahr C, Magnusson A. Cyclosporine plasma levels in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 39: 132–137, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohan DE. Possible interaction between cyclosporine and erythromycin. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 448, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohlhaw K. Wonigeit K, Frei U, Oldhafer K, Neumann K, et al. Effect of the calcium channel blocker diltiazem on cyclosporine A blood levels and dose requirements. Transplantation Proceedings 20: 572–574, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolars JC, Duell EA, Benedict PE, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Ellis CN. et al. P-450III metabolizes cyclosporin A in intestinal mucosa: observations in a novel rat model. Clinical Research 37: 933A, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Koneru B, Hartner C, Iwatsuki S, Starzl TE. Effects of danazol on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Transplantation 45: 1001, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreft-Jais C, Billaud EM, Gaudry C, Bedrossian J. Effect of josamycin on plasma cyclosporine levels. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32: 327–328, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kronbach T, Fischer V, Meyer UA. Cyclosporine metabolism in human liver: identification of a cytochrome P-450III gene family as the major cyclosporine-metabolizing enzyme explains interactions of cyclosporine with other drugs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43: 630–635, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger HU, Schuler U, Zimmermann R, Ehninger G. Absence of significant interaction of fluconazole with cyclosporin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 24: 781–796, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan JTC, Foxall PJ, Davidson DGC, Bending MR, Eisinger AJ. Interaction of cyclosporin and itraconazole. Lancet 2: 282, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Delfa I, Zhu QM, Mo Z, Blaschke TF. Fluconazole is a potent inhibitor of antipyrine metabolism in vivo in mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 17: 49–53, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landgraf R, Landgraf-Leurs MMC, Nusser J, Hillebrand G, Illner WD, et al. Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS201-995) on cyclosporine levels. Transplantation 44: 724–725, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang J, de Villaine JF, Garraffo R, Touraine JL. Cyclosporine (cyclosporin A) pharmacokinetics of renal transplant patients receiving ciprofloxacin. American Joural of Medicine 87 (Suppl. 5A): 82S–85S, 1989a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang J, de Villaine JF, Guemei A, Touraine JL, Faucon C. Absence of pharmacokinetic interaction between pefloxacin and cyclosporin A in patients with renal transplants. Reviews of Infectious Diseases II (Suppl. 5): S1094, 1989b

    Google Scholar 

  • Langhoff E, Madsen S. Rapid metabolism of cyclosporin and prednisone in kidney transplant patient receiving tuberculostatic treatment. Lancet 2: 1303, 1983

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langhoff E, Madsen S, Flachs H, Olgaard K, Ladefoged J, et al. Inhibition of prednisolone metabolism by cyclosporine in kidney-transplanted patients. Transplantation 39: 107–109, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavrijsen K, Van Houdt J, Thijs D, Meuldermans W, Heykants J. Interaction of miconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole with rat-liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 17: 45–57, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lele P, Peterson P, Yang S, Jarrell B, Burke JF. Cyclosporine and tegretol — another drug interaction. Kidney International 27: 344, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire M, Tillement JP. Role of lipoprotein and erythrocytes in the in vitro binding and distribution of cyclosporin A in the blood. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 34: 715–718, 1982

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lensmeyer GL, Wiebe DA, Carlson IH. Disposition of nine metabolites of cyclosporine in human tissues, bile, urea and whole blood. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 614–622, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm AL, Henricsson S. Verapamil inhibits cyclosporin metabolism. Lancet 1: 1262–1263, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindholm A, Henricsson S, Gang P. The free fraction of cyclosporine in plasma: clinical findings with a new method. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 377–381, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucey MR, Kolars JC, Merion RM, Campbell DA, Aldrich M, et al. Cyclosporin toxicity at therapeutic blood levels and cytochrome P-450 IIIA. Lancet 335: 11–15, 1990

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludden TM. Pharmacokinetic interactions of the macrolide antibiotics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 63–79, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig E, Szekely E, Csiba A, Graber H. The effect of ciprofloxacin on antipyrine metabolism. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 22: 61–67, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyaz K, Rosenberg JC, Kaplan MP, Migdal S, Sillix D. Interaction of erythromycin with cyclosporine. Transplantation Proceedings 20: 543–548, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddux MS, Veremis SA, Bauma WD, Pollak R. Significant drug interactions with cyclosporine. Hospital Therapy 12: 56–70, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggio TG, Bartels DW. Increased cyclosporine blood concentrations due to verapamil administration. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 705–707, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martell R, Heinrichs D, Stiller CR, Jenner M, Keown PA, et al. The effect of erythromycin in patients treated with cyclosporine. Annals of Internal Medicine 104: 660–661, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer G. Metabolism of cyclosporine. Transplantation Proceedings 17 (Suppl. 1): 19–26, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer G, Lemaire M. Biotransformation and distribution in blood of cyclosporin and its metabolites. Transplantation Proceedings 18 (Suppl. 5): 25–34, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley J, Ptachcinski RJ, Shapiro R. The cyclosporine-sparing effects of diltiazem in renal transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 21: 3955–3957, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNally P, Mistry N, Idle J, Walls J, Feehally J. Calcium channel blockers and cyclosporine metabolism. Transplantation 48: 1071, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta MU, Venkataramanan R, Burckart GJ, Ptachcinski RJ, Delamos B, et al. Effect of bile on cyclosporin absorption in liver transplant patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 579–584, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menta R, Rossi E, Guariglia A, David S, Cambi V. Reversible acute cyclosporin nephrotoxicity induced by colchicine administration. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 2: 380–381, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meredith CG, Maldonado AL, Speeg KV. The effect of ketoconazole on hepatic oxidative drug metabolism in the rat in vivo and in vitro. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 13: 156–162, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modry DL, Stinson EB, Oyer PE, Jamieson SW, Baldwin JC, et al. Acute rejection and massive cyclosporine requirements in heart transplant recipients treated with rifampin. Transplantation 39: 313–314, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moller BB, Ekelund B. Toxicity of cyclosporine during treatment with androgens. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1416, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molowa DT, Schuetz WG, Wrighton SA, Watkins PB, Kremers P, et al. Complete cDNA sequence of a cytochrome P-450 inducible by glucocorticoids in human liver. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 83: 5311–5315, 1986

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morgenstern CR, Powles R, Robinson B, McElwain TJ. Cyclosporin interaction with ketoconazole and melphalan. Lancet 2: 1342, 1982

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mraz W, Sido B, Knedel M, Hammer C. Concomitant immunosuppressive and antibiotic therapy — reduction of cyclosporine A blood levels due to treatment with imipenem/cilastatin. Transplantation Proceedings 19: 4017–4020, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray BM, Edwards L, Morse GD, Kohli RR, Venuto RC. Clinical important interaction of cyclosporine and erythromycin. Transplantation 43: 602–604, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers BD, Ross J, Newton L, Luetscher J, Perlroth M. Cyclosporine-associated chronic nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 699–705, 1984

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NACB/AACC Task Force on Cyclosporine Monitoring. Critical issues in cyclosporine monitoring: report of the task force on cyclosporine monitoring. Clinical Chemistry 3: 1269–1288, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Nebert DW, Nelson DR, Adesnik M, Coon MJ, Estabrook RW, et al. The P450 superfamily: update listing of all genes and recommended nomenclature for the chromosomal loci. DNA 8: 1–13, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis J, Deeg HJ, Yee GC. High cyclosporine levels after bone marrow transplantation associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Lancet 2: 744–745, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niemegeers CJE, Levron JC, Awouters F, Janssen PAJ. Inhibition and induction of microsomal enzymes in the rat. A comparative study of four antimycotics: miconazole, econazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole. Archives International Pharmacodynamics 251: 26–38, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novakova I, Donnelly P, De Witte T, De Pauw B, Boezeman J, et al. Itraconazole and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. Lancet 2: 920–921, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Offermann G, Keller F, Molzahn M. Low cyclosporin A blood levels and acute graft rejection in a renal transplant recipient during rifampin treatment. American Journal of Nephrology 5: 385–387, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ost L, Klintmalm G, Ringden O. Mutual interaction between prednisolone and cyclosporine in renal transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings 17: 1252–1255, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachon J, Lorber MI, Bia MJ. Effects of H2-receptor antagonists on renal function in cyclosporine-treated renal transplant patients. Transplantation 47: 254–259, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park BK, Breckenridge AM. Clinical implications of enzyme induction and eyzyme inhibition. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 1–24, 1981

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul MD, Parfrey PS, Smart M, Gault H. The effect of ethanol on serum cyclosporine A levels in renal transplant recipients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 10: 133–135, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson JC, Brannigan J, Pickard T, Thompson R, Salomon DR. Cyclosporine-verapamil interaction. Kidney International 33: 449, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Pochet JM, Pirson Y. Cyclosporine-diltiazem interaction. Lancet 1: 979, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Propper DJ, Whiting PH, Power DA, Edward N, Catto GRD. The effect of nifedipine on graft function in renal allograft recipients treated with cyclosporin A. Clinical Nephrology 32: 62–67, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptachcinski RJ, Carpenter BJ, Burckart GJ, Venkataramanan R, Rosenthal JT. Effect of erythromycin on cyclosporine levels. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1416–1417, 1985a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptachcinski RJ, Venkataramanan R, Burckart GJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 11: 107–132, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptachcinski RJ, Venkataramanan R, Burckart GJ, Hakala TR, Rosenthal JR, et al. Cyclosporine — high dose steroid interaction in renal transplant recipients: assessment by HPLC. Transplantation Proceedings 19: 1728–1729, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptachcinski R, Venkataramanan R, Rosenthal JT, Burckart GJ, Taylor RJ, et al. The effect of food on cyclosporine absorption. Transplantation 40: 174–176, 1985b

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptachcinski RJ, Venkataramanan R, Rosenthal JT, Burckart GJ, Taylor RJ, et al. Cyclosporine kinetics in renal transplantation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38: 296–300, 1985c

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renton KW. Inhibition of hepatic microsomal drug metabolism by the calcium channel blockers diltiazem and verapamil. Biochemical Pharmacology 34: 2549–2553, 1985

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JA, Venezio FR, Costanzo-Nordin MR, Pifarre R, O’Keefe PJ. Patients receiving quinolones and cyclosporine after heart transplantation. Journal of Heart Transplantation 9: 30–31, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robson RA, Fraenkel M, Barratt LJ, Birkett DJ. Cyclosporinverapamil interaction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 402–403, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocci ML, Tietze KJ, Lee J, Harris H, Danzeisen J, et al. The effect of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of prednisolone in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 45: 656–660, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodighiero V. Therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporin: practical applications and limitations. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 16: 27–37, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson ME, Marsden JT, Reid KE, Bewick M, Holt DW. Cyclosporine blood concentrations in the management of renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 41: 276–278, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosano TG, Freed BM, Cerilli J, Lempert N. Immunosuppressive metabolites of cyclosporine in the blood of renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 42: 262–267, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg L, Dafoe DC, Schwartz R, Campbell DA, Turcotte JG, et al. Administration of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) in the treatment of a fistula occurring after pancreas transplantation. Transplantation 43: 764–766, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross WB, Roberts D, Griffin PJA, Salaman JR. Cyclosporin interaction with danazol and norethisterone. Lancet 1: 330, 1986

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland M, Gupta SK. Cyclosporin-phenytoin interaction: reevaluation using metabolite data. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 329–334, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy LF, East DS, Brownings FM, Shaw D, Ogilvie RI, et al. Short-term effects of calcium antagonists on hemodynamics and cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in heart-transplant and kidneytransplant patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46: 657–667, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabate I, Grino JM, Castelao AM, Huguet J, Seron D, et al. Cyclosporin-diltiazem interaction: comparison of cyclosporin levels measured with two monoclonal antibodies. Transplantation Proceedings 21: 1460–1461, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabate I, Grino J, Castelao AM, Ortola J. Evaluation of cyclosporin-verapamil interaction, with observations on parent cyclosporin and metabolites. Clinical Chemistry 34: 2151, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Naumann R, Jaschonek K, Einsele H, Dopfer R, et al. Drug interaction between cyclosporin and phenytoin in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation 4: 212–213, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder TJ, Melvin DB, Clardy CW, Wadhwa NK, Myre SA, et al. Use of cyclosporine and ketoconazole without nephrotoxicity in two heart transplant recipients. Journal of Heart Transplantation 6: 84–89, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sesin GP, O’Keefe E, Roberto P. Sulindac-induced elevation of serum cyclosporine concentration. Clinical Pharmacy 8: 445, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw MA, Gumbleton M, Nicholls PJ. Interaction of cyclosporine and itraconazole. Lancet 2: 637, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard JH, Canafax DM, Simmons RL, Najarian JS. Cyclosporine-ketonconazole: a potentially dangerous drug-drug interaction. Clinical Pharmacy 5: 468, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla VK, Garg SK, Mathur VS. Influence of prednisolone on antipyrine and chloramphenicol disposition in rabbits. Pharmacology 29: 117–120, 1984

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith J, Hows J, Donnelly P, Baughan A, Goldman J, et al. Interaction of cyclosporin A and ketoconazole. Experimental Hematology 11 (Suppl. 13): 176–178, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugar AM, Saunders C, Idelson BA, Bernard DB. Interaction of fluconazole and cyclosporine. Annals of Internal Medicine 110: 844, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan KC, Trull AK, Shawket S. Co-administration of ciprofloxacin and cyclosporin: lack of evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 185–187, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JF, Chalmers DHK, Hinnisett AGW, Wood RFM, Morris PJ. Nephrotoxicity of trimethoprim and cotrimoxazole in renal allograft recipients treated with cyclosporine. Transplantation 36: 204–206, 1983

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson DJ, Menkis AG, McKenzie FN. Norfloxacin-cyclosporine interaction. Transplantation 46: 312–313, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjia JF, Back DJ, Breckenridge AM. Calcium channel antagonists and cyclosporine metabolism: in vitro studies with human liver microsomes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28: 362–365, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trenk D, Brett W, Jahnchen E, Birnbaum D. Time course of cyclosporine — itraconazole interaction. Lancet 2: 1335–1336, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda CT, LeMaire M, Gsell G, Nussbaumer K. Intestinal lymphatic absorption of cyclosporine A following oral administration in an olive oil solution in rats. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition 4: 113–124, 1983

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Buren D, Wideman CA, Ried M, Gibbons S, Van Buren CT, et al. The antagonistic effect of rifampin upon cyclosporine bioavailability. Transplantation Proceedings 16: 1642–1645, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venkataramanan R, Burckart GJ, Ptachcinski RJ, Esquivel C, Makowka L. Interaction between cyclosporine and phenobarbital. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 76: S101, 1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venuto C, Murray BM, Edwards L, Morse G. Cyclosporine-erythromycin drug interaction. Kidney International 29: 438, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Vereerstraeten P, Thiry P, Kinnaert P, Toussaint C. Influence of erythromycin on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. Transplantation 44: 155–156, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veremis SA, Maddux MS, Pollak R, Mozes MF. Subtherapeutic cyclosporine concentrations during nafcillin therapy. Transplantation 43: 913–915, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vernillet L, Bertault-Peres P, Berland Y, Barradas J, Durand A, et al. Lack of effect of spiramycin on cyclosporin pharmacokinetics. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 789–794, 1989

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt P, Schorn T, Frei U. Ofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients. Infection 16: 175–178, 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa NIC, Schroeder TJ, O’Flaherty E, Pesce AJ, Myre SA, et al. The effect of oral metoclopramide on the absorption of cyclosporine. Transplantation 43: 211–213, 1987a

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhwa NK, Schroeder TJ, O’Flaherty E, Pesce AJ, Myre SA, et al. Interaction between erythromcyin and cyclosporine in a kidney and pancreas allograft recipient. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 9: 123–125, 1987b

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner K, Albrecht S, Neumayer H-H. Prevention of posttransplant acute tubular necrosis by the calcium antagonist diltiazem: a prospective randomized study. American Journal of Nephrology 7: 287–291, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner K, Henkel M, Heinemeyer G, Neumayer H-H. Interaction of calcium blockers and cyclosporine. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 561–568, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner K, Philipp Th, Heinemeyer G, Brockmuller F, Roots I, et al. Interaction of cyclosporine and calcium antagonists. Transplantation Proceedings 21: 1453–1456, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallwork J, McGregor CGA, Wells FC, Cory-Pearce R, English TAH. Cyclosporin and intravenous sulphadimidine and trimethoprim therapy. Lancet 1: 366–367, 1983

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walz G, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Neumayer H-H, Offermann G. Cyclosporine blood levels in diltiazem-treated kidney graft recipients. Clinical Transplantation 2: 21–25, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang CP, Hartman NR, Venkataramanan R, Jardine I, Lin F, et al. Isolation of 10 cyclosporine metabolites from human bile. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 17: 292–296, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins PB, Wrighton SA, Scheutz EG, Molowa DT, Guzelian PS. Identification of glucocorticoid-inducible cytochromes P-450 in the intestinal mucosa of rats and man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 80: 1029–1036, 1987

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman DJ, Attisano C, Guengerich FP, Lapenson DP. Human liver microsomal steroid metabolism: identification of the major microsomal steroid hormone 60 hydroxylase cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 263: 424–436 1988

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wideman CA. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of cyclosporine. Transplantation Proceedings 15: 3168–3175, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson GR, Shand DG. A physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic 18: 377–390, 1975

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood AJ, Maurer W, Niederberg T, Beveridge T. Cyclosporine: pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and drug interaction. Transplantation Proceedings 15: 2409–2412, 1983

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Gmur DJ, Meier P. Measurement of blood cyclosporine metabolite concentrations with a new column-switching high-performance liquid Chromatographic assay. Transplantation Proceedings 20 (Suppl. 2): 585–590, 1988a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Kennedy MS. Cyclosporine. In Evans et al. (Eds) Applied pharmacokinetics: principles of therapeutic drug monitoring, pp. 826–851, Applied Therapeutics, Spokane, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Kennedy MS, Gmur DJ, Self SG, Deeg HJ. Monitoring cyclosporine concentrations in marrow transplant recipients: comparison of two assay methods. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1: 289–295, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Lennon TP, Gmur DJ, Kennedy MS, Deeg HJ. Agedependent cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in marrow transplant recipients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40: 438–443, 1986a

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, McGuire TR, Gmur DJ, Lennon TP, Deeg HG. Blood cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing marrow transplantation: influence of age, obesity, and hematocrit. Transplantation 46: 399–402, 1988b

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Mills G, Schaffer R, Lennon TP, Kennedy MS, et al. Renal clearance of cyclosporine in marrow transplant recipients: age-related variation. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 658–661, 1986b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee GC, Self SG, McGuire TR, Carlin J, Sanders JE, et al. Serum cyclosporine concentration and risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 65–70, 1988c

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zara GP, Thompson HH, Pilot MA, Ritchie HD. Effects of erythromycin on gasrointestinal mortality. Journal of Antimicro bial Chemotherapy 16 (Suppl. A): 175–179, 1985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zazgornik J, Schein W, Heimberger K, Shaheen FAM, Stockenhuber F. Potentiation of neurotoxic side effects by coadministration of imipenem to cyclosporine therapy in kidney transplant recipient — synergism of side effects or drug interaction. Clinical Nephrology 26: 265–266, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zazgornik J, Schindler J, Gremmel F, Balcke P, Kopsa H, et al. Ranitidine does not influence ciclosporin levels in renal transplant patients. Kidney International 28: 401, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Zylber-Katz E, Rubinger D, Berlatzky Y. Cyclosporine interactions with metronidazole and cimetidine. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 22: 504–505, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yee, G.C., McGuire, T.R. Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions with Cyclosporin (Part II). Clin Pharmacokinet 19, 400–415 (1990). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199019050-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-199019050-00004

Keywords

  • Renal Transplant
  • Diltiazem
  • Nicardipine
  • Renal Transplant Recipient
  • Sulindac