References
Armstrong PW, Moffatt JA, Marks G. Arteriovenous nitroglycerine gradient during intravenous infusion in man. Circulation 66: 1273–1276, 1982
Bazell HC, Love L, Newton M, Eisenberg L, Day R. Temperature changes in blood flowing in arteries and veins in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 1: 3–19, 1948
Bogaert MG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of glyceryl trinitrate following the use of systemic and topical preparations. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 12: 1–11, 1987
CIBA. Promotional literature for TRANSDERM-NITRO glyceryl trinitrate BP, Ciba Geigy Ltd
Coppock JS, Hardman JM, Bacon PA, Woods KL, Kendall MJ. Objective relief of vasospasm by glyceryl trinitrate in secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Postgraduate Medical Journal 62: 15–18, 1986
Cossum PA, Roberts MS. Metabolite inhibition in nitroglycerine metabolism in tissue homogenates. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 37: 807–809, 1985
Cossum PA, Roberts MS, Yong AC, Kilpatrick D. Distribution and metabolism of nitroglycerine and its metabolites in vascular beds of sheep. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 237: 959–966, 1986
Folk CE. Textbook of Environmental Physiology, p. 191, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1974
Franks AG. Topical glyceryl trinitrate as adjunctive treatment in Raynaud’s disease. Lancet 1: 76–77, 1982
Free MJ. Blood supply to the testis and its role in local exchange and transport of hormones. In Johnson & Gomes (Eds) The testis, Vol. 4, pp. 281–290, Academic Press, New York, 1977
Fung H-L, Sutton SC, Kamiya A. Blood vessel uptake and metabolism of organic nitrates in the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 228: 334–341, 1984
Horton EW, Poyser NL. Uterine luteolytic hormone: a physiological role for prostaglandin F2α. Physiological Reviews 56: 595–651, 1976
Lewis GBH. Local percutaneous nitroglycerine therapy for ‘burning feet’ syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 146: 56, 1987
McCracken JA, Carlson JC, Glew ME, et al. Prostaglandin F2α identified as a luteolytic hormone in sheep. Nature; New Biology 238: 129–134, 1972
McCracken JA, Schramm W, Einer-Jensen N. The structure of steroids and their diffusion through blood vessel walls in a counter current system. Steroids 43: 293–304, 1984
McNiff EF, Yacobi A, Young-Chang FM, et al. Nitroglycerine pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusions in normal subjects. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70: 1054–1058, 1981
Nahir AM, Schapira D, Scharf Y. Double-blind randomized trial of Nitroderm TTS in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 22: 139–142, 1986
Noonan PK, Williams RL, Benet LZ. Dose dependent pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin after multiple intravenous infusions in healthy volunteers. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 13: 143–157, 1985
Patel RI, Peterson RG, Aldrete JA. Endotracheal compared with intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg of lignocaine. Measurement of arterial and venous levels. Anaesthesia 36: 772–774, 1981
Schramm W, Einer-Jensen N, Schramm G, McCracken JA. Local exchange of oxytocin from the ovarian vein to ovarian arteries in sheep. Biology of Reproduction 34: 671–680, 1986
Waites GMH, Moule GR. Blood pressure in the internal spermatic artery of the ram. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1: 223–279, 1960
Wilkinson PK, Rheingold JL. Arterial-venous blood alcohol concentration gradients. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 9: 279–307, 1981
Wright A, Hecker JF, Lewis G. Use of transdermal glyceryl trinitrate to reduce failure of intravenous infusions due to phlebitis and extravasation. Lancet 2: 1148–1150, 1985
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hecker, J.F. Is There Counter-Current Exchange of Drugs in Limbs after Percutaneous Absorption?. Clin-Pharmacokinet 17, 141–144 (1989). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198917030-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-198917030-00001