Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Ocular Carteolol

A Review of its Use in the Management of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

  • Adis Drug Evaluation
  • Published:
Drugs & Aging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Abstract

Ocular carteolol (Mikelan®, Teoptic®, Ocupress®) is a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). Ocular carteolol effectively reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OH). Twice-daily administration of standard carteolol has generally similar IOP-lowering efficacy to other ocular β-adrenoceptor antagonists such as timolol, betaxolol and metipranolol in patients with OAG or OH. In addition, long-term treatment with carteolol has similar efficacy to timolol and betaxolol in terms of reducing IOP and maintaining visual fields in patients with newly diagnosed primary OAG (POAG). The new long-acting formulation of once-daily carteolol has equivalent efficacy to the standard formulation of carteolol administered twice daily in patients with OAG or OH. Both the standard and long-acting formulations of ocular carteolol are generally well tolerated in terms of topical adverse effects involving the eyes or systemic adverse effects involving the cardiovascular system. Thus, twice-daily carteolol is a well established option in the treatment of glaucoma and OH, and the new once-daily formulation of long-acting carteolol offers similar efficacy and tolerability with a potential for improved patient adherence.

Pharmacological Properties

Carteolol is a nonselective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with properties unlike those of other β-adrenoceptor antagonists (i.e. ISA and minimal local anaesthetic activity). Ocular carteolol significantly reduced IOP in healthy volunteers. In addition, significant reductions in aqueous humour production were seen with carteolol in patients with POAG; it did not alter corneal sensitivity, tear secretion or pupil diameter. Unlike timolol or betaxolol, carteolol also appeared to improve perfusion of the optic nerve head.

Ocular carteolol did not affect respiratory function in healthy volunteers, although bronchoconstriction was seen in patients with asthma. Although carteolol had similar cardiovascular effects to other ocular β-adrenoceptor antagonists in healthy volunteers and patients with asthma, unlike timolol, it did not have a deleterious effect on the lipid profile in patients with POAG or OH.

Plasma carteolol concentrations were significantly lower with the long-acting formulation of ocular carteolol than with the standard formulation. In animal models, the precorneal residence time of carteolol was increased with the long-acting versus the standard formulation, allowing for prolonged ocular delivery. Moreover, compared with standard carteolol, a single dose of long-acting carteolol resulted in significantly higher carteolol concentrations at certain timepoints in the iris and ciliary body, indicating enhanced ocular penetration.

Therapeutic Efficacy

The results of numerous trials showed that the ocular hypotensive efficacy of standard carteolol 1% or 2% twice daily was similar to that of timolol 0.25% or 0.5% twice daily, betaxolol 0.5% twice daily or metipranolol 0.3% twice daily in patients with POAG, OAG or OH after 1–12 months of treatment. However, 3 months of treatment with levobunolol 0.5% twice daily resulted in a significantly greater reduction in IOP than carteolol 2% twice daily in patients with OAG or OH. A significant reduction from baseline in IOP was seen with carteolol in most studies. Long-term treatment (for up to 7 years) with carteolol 1% twice daily had similar efficacy to timolol 0.25% twice daily and betaxolol 0.5% twice daily in terms of reducing IOP and maintaining visual fields in patients with newly diagnosed POAG. Combination therapy with carteolol plus latanoprost reduced IOP to a significantly greater extent than monotherapy with latanoprost or combination therapy with nipradilol plus latanoprost in patients with POAG or normal-tension glaucoma.

The ocular hypotensive efficacy of long-acting carteolol administered once daily was equivalent to that of the standard formulation of carteolol administered twice daily in two well designed trials in patients with OAG or OH. In addition, data from a third trial revealed significant reductions from baseline in IOP with both the long-acting and standard formulations of carteolol in patients with PAOG or OH.

Tolerability

Ocular administration of standard or long-acting carteolol was generally well tolerated in patients with POAG, OAG or OH. In general, there were no significant differences in the incidence of ocular symptoms (e.g. burning/stinging at instillation, tearing, ocular pain, blurred vision, itching, conjunctival hyperaemia) between patients receiving carteolol and those receiving comparators such as timolol, metipranolol or levobunolol. However, several studies reported better ocular tolerability of carteolol versus timolol for certain endpoints (e.g. fewer ocular symptoms overall and less burning and eye pain). The long-acting formulation of carteolol was associated with a low incidence of blurred vision (≤2% of patients).

Few differences emerged between carteolol and other β-adrenoceptor antagonists in terms of cardiovascular effects (i.e. effects on heart rate and blood pressure) in patients with POAG, OAG or OH. However, one study found a significantly lower incidence of cardiovascular adverse events overall and a significantly lower incidence of bradycardia with carteolol than with timolol; in particular, carteolol seemed less likely to induce nocturnal bradycardia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Table I
Fig. 1
Table II

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.

References

  1. Alward WLM. Medical management of glaucoma. N Engl J Med 1998 Oct 29; 339(18): 1298–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Primary open-angle glaucoma [online]. Available from URL: http://www.aao.org/ [Accessed 2007 Jan 22]

  3. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Guidelines for the management of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension 2004 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.rcophth.ac.uk [Accessed 2007 Jan 22]

  4. American Optometric Association. Care of the patient with open angle glaucoma [online]. Available from URL: http://www.aoa.org/ [Accessed 2007 Jan 22]

  5. Kroese M, Burton H. Primary open angle glaucoma: the need for a consensus case definition. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003 Sep; 57(9): 752–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lee P. Use of guidelines in the management of patients with glaucoma. Dis Manage Health Outcomes 1999 Apr; 5(4): 187–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kitazawa Y. Open-angle glaucoma in Japan. J Glaucoma 2001 Oct; 10 (5 Suppl. 1): S5–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cockburn DM. Diagnosis and management of open angle glaucoma: suggested guidelines for optometrists. Clin Exp Optom 2000 May/Jun; 83(3): 119–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Goldberg LD. Clinical guidelines for the treatment of glaucoma [online]. Available from URL: http://www.managedcaremag.com/supplements/021l_ptd_glaucoma/ptd_glaucoma.pdf [Accessed 2007 Jan 22]

  10. Hoyng PFJ, van Beek LM. Pharmacological therapy for glaucoma: a review. Drugs 2000 Mar; 59(3): 411–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Data on file. Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 2007

  12. Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Mikelan® ophthalmic solution 1%, Mikelan® ophthalmic solution 2%: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.e-search.ne.jp [Accessed 2005 Dec 5]

  13. Chrisp P, Sorkin EM. Ocular carteolol: a review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs Aging 1992; 2(1): 58–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Sorensen SJ, Abel SR. Comparison of the ocular beta-blockers. Ann Pharmacother 1996 Jan; 30: 43–54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Apotex Corp. Carteolol HC1 ophthalmic solution USP: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.apotexcorp.com [Accessed 2005 Dec 20]

  16. Araie M, Takase M. Effects of pilocarpine and carteolol, a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent on human aqueous humor dynamics [in Japanese]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1980 Dec 10; 84(12): 2085–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Matsuo T, Araie M, Takase M, et al. Effects of carteolol hydrochloride on aqueous humour dynamics in human eyes with glaucoma and ocular hypertension [in Japanese]. Ganka Rinsho Iho 1983; 77(10): 1654–7

    Google Scholar 

  18. Floreani M, Froldi G, Cavalli M, et al. Characterization of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of carteolol in rat cardiovascular preparations. J Pharmacol Sci 2004 May; 95(1): 115–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Floreani M, Froldi G, Quintieri L, et al. In vitro evidence that carteolol is a non-conventional partial agonist of guinea pig cardiac β1-adrenoceptors: a comparison with xamoterol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005 Dec; 315(3): 1386–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Schmuck S, Poller U, Jakubetz J, et al. The intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist carteolol is β2-adrenoceptor mediated. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999 Dec; 48: 875P–6P

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jasper JR, Michel MC, Insel PA. The β-adrenoceptor antagonist carteolol and its metabolite 8-hydroxycarteolol have different intrinsic sympathomimetic activities. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 30Suppl. 1: 109S–11S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Pillunat L, Stodtmeister R. Effect of different antiglaucomatous drugs on ocular perfusion pressures. J Ocul Pharmacol 1988 Fall; 4(3): 231–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brazier DJ, Smith SE. Ocular and cardiovascular response to topical carteolol 2% and timolol 0.5% in healthy volunteers. Br J Ophthalmol 1988 Feb; 72(2): 101–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tamaki Y, Araie M, Tomita K, et al. Effect of topical betablockers on tissue blood flow in the human optic nerve head. Curr Eye Res 1997 Nov; 16(11): 1102–10

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mizuki K, Yamazaki Y. Effect of carteolol hydrochloride on ocular blood flow dynamics in normal human eyes [in Japanese]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2000 Apr; 104(4): 226–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Tamaki Y, Araie M, Tomita K, et al. Effects of topical adrenergic agents on tissue circulation in rabbit and human optic nerve head evaluated with laser speckle tissue circulation analyzer. Surv Ophthalmol 1997 Nov; 42Suppl. 1: S52–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mihara M, Matsuo N, Koyama T, et al. Human retinal circulation with carteolol instillation demonstrated by fluorescein video-angiography and image analysis [in Japanese]. Ther Res 1989; 10(10): 161–7

    Google Scholar 

  28. Grunwald JE, Delehanty J. Effect of topical carteolol on the normal human retinal circulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992 May; 33(6): 1853–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Coulangeon LM, Sole M, Menerath JM. Aqueous humor flow measured by fluorophotometry: comparative study of the effect of different beta-blocker eye drops in patients with ocular hypertension [in French]. Ophtalmologie 1990; 4(2): 156–61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Höh H, Nastainczyk W. β-blocker und hornhautsensibilität. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1991; 88: 515–21

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Stewart WC, Shields MB, Allen RC, et al. A 3-month comparison of 1% and 2% carteolol and 0.5% timolol in open-angle glaucoma. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991; 229: 258–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kitazawa Y. Multicenter double-blind comparison of carteolol and timolol in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Adv Ther 1993 May–Jun; 10(3): 95–131

    Google Scholar 

  33. Famà F, Santamaria S. Comparison of the ocular effects of three beta-blockers: timolol, carteolol, and betaxolol. Ann Ophthalmol Glaucoma 1996 Sep–Oct; 28(5): 317–20

    Google Scholar 

  34. Scoville B, Mueller B, White BG, et al. A double-masked comparison of carteolol and timolol in ocular hypertension. Am J Ophthalmol 1988 Feb; 105: 150–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Harris A. Evidence that studying vascular considerations can benefit patients with glaucoma [online]. Available from URL: http://www.wills-glaucoma.org/2003symp/harris.htm [Accessed 2006 Jan 18]

  36. Frishman WH, Kowalski M, Nagnur S, et al. Cardiovascular considerations in using topical, oral, and intravenous drugs for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension: focus on β-adrenergic blockade. Heart Dis 2001; 3(6): 386–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Montanari P, Marangoni P, Oldani A, et al. Color Doppler imaging study in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma treated with timolol 0.5% and carteolol 2%. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001; 11(3): 240–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sugiyama, Kojima, Ishida, et al. Changes in optic nerve-head circulation produced by combined therapy with latanoprost and beta-blockers [abstract no. P2-69; in Japanese]. 60th Congress of Clinical Opthalmology of Japan; 2006 October 5–8; Kyoto

  39. Altan-Yaycioglu R, Türker G, Akdöl S, et al. The effects of beta-blockers on ocular blood flow in patients with primary open angle glaucoma: a color Doppler imaging study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001; 11(1): 37–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chen M-J, Chou JC-K, Chiou H-J, et al. Color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar hemodynamics after topical carteolol in normal tension glaucoma. Chin Med J (Taipei) 2001 Oct; 64: 575–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Stodtmeister R, Pillunat L, Wilmanns I, et al. Effect of topically applied carteolol and timolol on the pressure tolerance of the optic nerve head [in German]. Ophthalmologica 1989; 198(2): 64–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pillunat LE, Stodtmeister R, Wilmanns I, et al. Effect of beta receptor blockers on pressure compliance of the optic nerve head [in German]. Fortschr Ophthalmol 1988; 85(3): 231–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kuwahara K, Oizumi N, Fujisawa S, et al. Carteolol hydrochloride protects human corneal epithelial cells from UVB-induced damage in vitro. Cornea 2005 Mar; 24(2): 213–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kawai K, Kuwahara K, Oizumi N, et al. Effects of carteolol hydrochloride on the in vitro production of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines by murine macrophage. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2004 Jun; 20(3): 237–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zoia MC, Cerveri I, Bruschi C, et al. Comparison of the effects of timolol and carteolol eye drops on bronchial reactivity in a group of young normal subjects. Ital J Ophthalmol 1992; 6(1): 15–8

    Google Scholar 

  46. Diggory P, Cassels-Brown A, Fernandez C. Topical beta-blockade with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity offers no advantage for the respiratory and cardiovascular function of elderly people. Age Ageing 1996 Nov; 25: 424–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hugues FC, Le Jeunne C, Munera Y, et al. Comparison of ventilatory and cardiovascular effects of carteolol and metipranolol in asthmatic patients [in French]. J Fr Ophtalmol 1987; 10(8–9): 485–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Le Jeunne CL, Hugues FC, Dufier JL, et al. Bronchial and cardiovascular effects of ocular topical B-antagonists in asthmatic subjects: comparison of timolol, carteolol, and metipranolol. J Clin Pharmacol 1989 Feb; 29(2): 97–101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Le Jeunne C, Bringer L, Mondjee-Tahura Z, et al. Cardiovascular effects of β blockers eye drops (timolol, carteolol, metipranolol, betaxolol) in old patients [in French]. Therapie 1988; 43(2): 89–92

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Berlin I, Marcel P, Uzzan B, et al. A single dose of three different ophthalmic beta-blockers antagonizes the chronotropic effect of isoproterenol in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987 Jun; 41(6): 622–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yamamoto T, Kitazawa Y, Noma A, et al. The effects of the β-adrenergic-blocking agents, timolol and carteolol, on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma 1996 Aug; 5: 252–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bartlett JD, Olivier M, Richardson T, et al. Central nervou system and plasma lipid profiles associated with carteolol and timolol in postmenopausal black women. J Glaucoma 1999 Dec; 8(6): 388–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Stewart WC, Dubiner HB, Mundorf TK, et al. Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1999 Feb; 127: 142–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tsuboi K, Adachi M, Tanabe M, et al. Effect of topical instillation of 2% carteolol on the serum lipid levels in glaucoma patients [in Japanese]. Rinsho Ganka 1999; 53(5): 885–8

    Google Scholar 

  55. Ishii Y, Nakamura K, Matsuki S, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between ocular and nasal instillation of carteolol on intraocular pressure and heart rate in Japanese men with high CYP2D6 activity. J Clin Pharmacol 2002 Sep; 42(9): 1020–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Renard P, Kovalski JL, Cochereau I, et al. Comparison of carteolol plasmatic levels after repeated instillations of long-acting and regular formulations of carteolol 2% in glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005 Dec; 243(12): 1221–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Aoyama Y, Fujio N, Hashimoto M, et al. Whole autoradiographic assessment of 14C-carteolol pharmacokinetics [in Japanese]. Atarashii Ganka 1999; 16(12): 1715–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Fujio N, Kusumoto N, Odomi M. Ocular distribution of carteolol after single and repeated ocular instillation in pigmented rabbits. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1994 Dec; 72(6): 688–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fujio N, Kitazawa T. Intraocular penetration of 14C-carteolol hydrochloride (β-blocker) in the albino rabbits [in Japanese]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1984 Feb; 88(2): 236–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Séchoy O, Tissié G, Sébastian C, et al. A new long acting ophthalmic formulation of carteolol containing alginic acid. Int J Pharm 2000 Oct 10; 207(1–2): 109–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Tissié G, Sébastian C, Elena PP, et al. Alginic acid effect on carteolol ocular pharmacokinetics in the pigmented rabbit. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002 Feb; 18(1): 65–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kudo S, Uchida M, Odomi M. Metabolism of carteolol by cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997 Aug; 52: 479–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hirota A, Mishima H, Kiuchi Y, et al. Effect of topical 8-hydroxy carteolol on intraocular pressure and melanin granules [in Japanese]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1991 Aug; 95(8): 752–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. Teoptic 1% eye drops, Teoptic 2% eye drops: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://emc.medicines.org.uk [Accessed 2005 Dec 5]

  65. Behrens-Baumann W, Kimmich F, Walt JG, et al. A comparison of the ocular hypotensive efficacy and systemic safety of 0.5% levobunolol and 2% carteolol. Ophthalmologica 1994; 208(1): 32–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stewart WC, Cohen JS, Netland PA and the Nocturnal Investigation of Glaucoma Hemodynamics Trial Study Group. Efficacy of carteolol hydrochloride 1% vs timolol maleate 0.5% in patients with increased intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol 1997 Oct; 124(4): 498–505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Flammer J, Kitazawa Y, Bonomi L, et al. Influence of carteolol and timolol on IOP and visual fields in glaucoma: a multicenter, double-masked, prospective study. Eur J Ophthalmol 1992 Oct–Dec; 2(4): 169–74

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Tsuchisaka H, Kin K, Matsumoto S, et al. Multi-institutional comparative test of timolol and carteolol for glaucomas [in Japanese]. Ganka Rinsho Iho 1991; 85: 1136–40

    Google Scholar 

  69. Mirza GE, Karaküçük S, Temel E. Comparison of the effects of 0.5% timolol maleate, 2% carteolol hydrochloride, and 0.3% metipranolol on intraocular pressure and perimetry findings and evaluation of their ocular and systemic effects. J Glaucoma 2000 Feb; 9(1): 45–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Watson PG, Barnett MF, Parker V, et al. A 7 year prospective comparative study of three topical β blockers in the management of primary open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2001 Aug; 85(8): 962–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Demailly P, Allaire C, Trinquand C, for the Once-daily Carteolol Study Group. Ocular hypotensive efficacy and safety of once daily carteolol alginate [published erratum appears in Br J Ophthalmol 2001 Dec; 85: 1498]. Br J Ophthalmol 2001 Aug; 85(8): 921–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Trinquand C, Romanet J-P, Nordmann J-P, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-acting carteolol 1% once daily: a double-masked, randomized study [in French]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2003 Feb; 26(2): 131–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Yamamoto T, and the Carteolol Long-acting Formulation Study Group. Ocular hypotensive effect of 1% carteolol long-acting eye drops: a double-masked, randomized phase III study in ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma patients comparing long-acting carteolol eye drops vs current product [in Japanese]. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 2007 Jun; 111(6): 463–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Keates EU, Friedland BR, Stewart RH, et al. Carteolol hydrochloride: controlled evaluations of its ocular hypotensive efficacy relative to its vehicle, and, in combination with pilocarpine, relative to timolol. J Glaucoma 1994; 3(4): 315–22

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Haneda M, Shirato S, Maruyama K, et al. Comparison of the additive effects of nipradilol and carteolol to latanoprost in open-angle glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 50(1): 33–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Maruyama K, Shirato S. Additive effect of dorzolamide or carteolol to latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective randomized crossover trial. J Glaucoma 2006 Aug; 15(4): 341–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Netland PA, Weiss HS, Stewart WC, et al. Cardiovascular effects of topical carteolol hydrochloride and timolol maleate in patients with ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1997 Apr; 123: 465–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya’ale D, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004 Nov; 82(11): 844–51

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Camras CB, Toris CB, Tamesis RR. Efficacy and adverse effects of medications used in the treatment of glaucoma. Drugs Aging 1999 Nov; 15(5): 377–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Chauvin Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Minims metipranolol 0.1% w/v: prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://emc.medicines.org [Accessed 2007 Mar 28]

  81. Allergan Ltd. Betagan (levobunolol): prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://emc.medicines.org.uk [Accessed 2007 Mar 28]

  82. Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited. Timoptol ophthalmic solution 0.25 and 0.5% (timolol): prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://emc.medicines.org.uk [Accessed 2007 Mar 28]

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wolters Kluwer Health | Adis, 41 Centorian Drive, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, North Shore 0754, Auckland, New Zealand

    Sheridan Henness, Tracy Swainston Harrison & Gillian M. Keating

  2. editorial office of Wolters Kluwer Health, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA

    Sheridan Henness, Tracy Swainston Harrison & Gillian M. Keating

Authors
  1. Sheridan Henness
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tracy Swainston Harrison
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gillian M. Keating
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gillian M. Keating.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Henness, S., Harrison, T.S. & Keating, G.M. Ocular Carteolol. Drugs Aging 24, 509–528 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724060-00007

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200724060-00007

Keywords

Search

Navigation