Abstract
Asthma is a common airway disease found in people of all ages, although most studies of asthma therapies are focused on adolescent and young adults. Little information exists on the use of asthma therapeutics in the older patient (>65 years of age). The newest therapeutic class to be released in the US for the treatment of asthma is the leukotriene modifiers. These medications (either receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors) have been found to be beneficial in younger patients with asthma, but their potential role in older patients is less clear. In this review, the data regarding the use of these medications in older patients are examined, as are the epidemiological and pathophysiological issues regarding asthma in this growing patient population. On the basis of the two published reports of leukotriene modifiers in the older patient, we conclude that leukotriene modifiers are useful in this population, but like other controller therapies for asthma, they are less effective in the older population.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Soriano JB, Davis KJ, Coleman B, et al. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom. Chest 2003; 124(2): 474–81
Dow L, Fowler L, Phelps L, et al. Prevalence of untreated asthma in a population sample of 6000 older adults in Bristol, UK. Thorax 2001; 56(6): 472–6
Korenblat PE, Kemp JP, Scherger JE, et al. Effect of age on response to zafirlukast in patients with asthma in the Accolate Clinical Experience and Pharmacoepidemiology Trial (ACCEPT). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84(2): 217–25
Creticos P, Knobil K, Edwards LD, et al. Loss of response to treatment with leukotriene receptor antagonists but not inhaled corticosteroids in patients over 50 years of age. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 88(4): 401–9
Grayson MH, Korenblat PE. XI Diagnostic and therapeutic principles in allergy: 6 Immunology/allergy. In: Dale DC, Federman DD, editors. ACP medicine online. New York: WebMD Inc., 2005 [online]. Available from URL: http://acpmedicine.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 1]
Holtzman MJ, Grayson MH. 2 Asthma: 14 Respiratory medicne. In: Dale DC, Federman DD, editors. ACP medicine online. New York: WebMD Inc., 2005 [online]. Available from URL: http://acpmedicine.com [Accessed 2005 Jul 1]
Grayson MH, Bochner BS. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic asthma. Mt Sinai J Med 1998; 65(4): 246–56
Korenblat PE, Wedner HJ. Allergy, theory and practice. Orlando (FL): Grune and Stratton, 1984
Sheffer AL. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Asthma Education Program Expert Panel report. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88: 425–534
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel report 2: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda (MD): US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1997 Jul. Publication no.: 97–4051. pp 1–146
Drazen JM, Israel E, O’Byrne PM. Treatment of asthma with drugs modifying the leukotriene pathway. N Engl J Med 1999; 340(3): 197–206
Grayson MH, Korenblat PE. The emerging role of leukotriene modifiers in allergic rhinitis. Am J Resp Med 2003; 2(6): 441–50
Levy BD. Lipoxins and lipoxin analogs in asthma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73(3–4): 231–7
Sjostrom M, Jakobsson PJ, Heimburger M, et al. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells generate leukotriene C4 via microsomal glutathione S-transferase type 2 and express the CysLT (1) receptor. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268(9): 2578–86
Islam SA, Thomas SY, Hess C, et al. The leukotriene B4 lipid chemoattractant receptor BLT1 defines antigen-primed T cells in humans. Blood 2006; 107(2): 444–53
Sampson AP, Castling DP, Green CP, et al. Persistent increase in plasma and urinary leukotrienes after acute asthma. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73(3): 221–5
Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, et al. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma: persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156 (3 Pt 1): 737–43
Zaitsu M, Hamasaki Y, Ishii K, et al. Direct evidence that LTC4 and LTB4 but not TXA2 are involved in asthma attacks in children. J Asthma 1998; 35(5): 445–8
Yokomizo T, Kato K, Terawaki K, et al. A second leukotriene B (4) receptor, BLT2: a new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J Exp Med 2000; 192(3): 421–32
Yokomizo T, Izumi T, Chang K, et al. A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis. Nature 1997; 387(6633): 620–4
Miyahara N, Takeda K, Miyahara S, et al. Leukotriene B4 receptor-1 is essential for allergen-mediated recruitment of CD8+ T cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol 2005; 174(8): 4979–84
Taube C, Miyahara N, Ott V, et al. The leukotriene B4 receptor (BLT1) is required for effector CD8+ T cell-mediated, mast cell-dependent airway hyperresponsiveness. J Immunol 2006; 176(5): 3157–64
Miyahara N, Takeda K, Miyahara S, et al. Requirement for leukotriene B4 receptor 1 in allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172(2): 161–7
Bartosz G, Konig J, Keppler D, et al. Human mast cells secreting leukotriene C4 express the MRP1 gene-encoded conjugate export pump. Biol Chem 1998; 379(8–9): 1121–6
Austen KF. The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Drugs 1987; 33Suppl. 1: 10–7
Feinmark SJ, Cannon PJ. Endothelial cell leukotriene C4 synthesis results from intercellular transfer of leukotriene A4 synthesized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Biol Chem 1986; 261(35): 16466–72
Maclouf JA, Murphy RC. Transcellular metabolism of neutrophil-derived leukotriene A4 by human platelets: a potential cellular source of leukotriene C4. J Biol Chem 1988; 263(1): 174–81
Frolich JC, Fauler J, Tsikas D. Assessment of cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis in man. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 1994; 9(1): 75–8
Lynch KR, O’Neill GP, Liu Q, et al. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene CysLT1 receptor. Nature 1999; 399(6738): 789–93
Sarau HM, Ames RS, Chambers J, et al. Identification, molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. Mol Pharmacol 1999; 56(3): 657–63
Zhu J, Qiu YS, Figueroa DJ, et al. Localization and upregulation of cysteinyl leukotriene-1 receptor in asthmatic bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33(6): 531–40
Heise CE, O’Dowd BF, Figueroa DJ, et al. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(39): 30531–6
Corrigan C, Mallett K, Ying S, et al. Expression of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptors cysLT1 and cysLT2 in aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(2): 316–22
Vachier I, Bonnans C, Chavis C, et al. Severe asthma is associated with a loss of LX4, an endogenous anti-inflammatory compound. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115(1): 55–60
Levy BD, Bonnans C, Silverman ES, et al. Diminished lipoxin biosynthesis in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172(7): 824–30
Braman SS. Asthma in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2003; 19(1): 57–75
Kim YK, Kim SH, Tak YJ, et al. High prevalence of current asthma and active smoking effect among the elderly. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32(12): 1706–12
Enright PL, McClelland RL, Newman AB, et al. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in the elderly. Cardiovascular Health Study Research Group. Chest 1999; 116(3): 603–13
Malik A, Saltoun CA, Yarnold PR, et al. Prevalence of obstructive airways disease in the disadvantaged elderly of Chicago. Allergy Asthma Proc 2004; 25(3): 169–73
Reed CE. The natural history of asthma in adults: the problem of irreversibility. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103(4): 539–47
Cuttitta G, Cibella F, Bellia V, et al. Changes in FVC during methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in elderly patients with asthma: bronchial hyperresponsiveness and aging. Chest 2001; 119(6): 1685–90
Burrows B, Lebowitz MD, Barbee RA, et al. Findings before diagnoses of asthma among the elderly in a longitudinal study of a general population sample. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88(6): 870–7
Hardie JA, Vollmer WM, Buist AS, et al. Respiratory symptoms and obstructive pulmonary disease in a population aged over 70 years. Respir Med 2005; 99(2): 186–95
Sluiter HJ, Koeter GH, de Monchy JG, et al. The Dutch hypothesis (chronic non-specific lung disease) revisited. Eur Respir J 1991; 4(4): 479–89
Diette GB, Krishnan JA, Dominici F, et al. Asthma in older patients: factors associated with hospitalization. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(10): 1123–32
Hartert TV, Speroff T, Togias A, et al. Risk factors for recurrent asthma hospital visits and death among a population of indigent older adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002; 89(5): 467–73
Gangemi S, Pescara L, D’Urbano E, et al. Aging is characterized by a profound reduction in anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 levels. Exp Gerontol 2005; 40(7): 612–4
Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Guevarra L, et al. Serum interferongamma is associated with longitudinal decline in lung function among asthmatic patients: the Normative Aging Study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90(4): 422–8
Celik P, Sakar A, Havlucu Y, et al. Short-term effects of montelukast in stable patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respir Med 2005; 99(4): 444–50
Montuschi P, Kharitonov SA, Ciabattoni G, et al. Exhaled leukotrienes and prostaglandins in COPD. Thorax 2003; 58(7): 585–8
Gompertz S, Stockley RA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 122(1): 289–94
Helgadottir A, Manolescu A, Thorleifsson G, et al. The gene encoding 5-lipoxygenase activating protein confers risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Nat Genet 2004; 36(3): 233–9
Hakonarson H, Thorvaldsson S, Helgadottir A, et al. Effects of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein inhibitor on biomarkers associated with risk of myocardial infarction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293(18): 2245–56
Acknowledgements
Dr Grayson is on the speaker’s bureau for Merck and Co. and receives research support from Novartis/Genentech and NIAID/NIH (AI1800).
Dr Korenblat has performed clinical trials for Medicinova, Astra-Zeneca, Critical Therapeutics and Merck and Co. He has been a consultant, and is on the speaker’s bureau for Astra-Zeneca, Critical Therapeutics and Merck and Co.
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this review.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grayson, M.H., Korenblat, P.E. Treating Asthma in the Older Patient. Drugs Aging 23, 451–459 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200623060-00002
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200623060-00002