Serfling RE, Sherman IL, Housworth WJ. Excess pneumonia-influenza mortality by age and sex in three major influenza A2 epidemics, United States, 1957–58, 1960, and 1963. Am J Epidemiol 1967; 86: 433–41
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fiebach N, Beckett W. Prevention of respiratory infections in adults: influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2545–57
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Perez-Tirse J, Gross PA. Review of cost-benefit analyses of influenza vaccine. PharmacoEconomics 1992; 2: 198–206
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Butler JC, Brieman RF, Campbell JF, et al. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine efficacy: an evaluation of current recommendations. JAMA 1993; 270: 1826–31
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Strassburg MA, Greenland S, Sorvillo FJ, et al. Influenza in the elderly: report of an outbreak and a review of vaccine effectiveness reports. Vaccine 1986; 4: 38–44
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Coles FB, Balzano GJ, Morse DL. An outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) in a well immunized nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40: 589–92
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Phair J, Kauffman CA, Bjornson A, et al. Failure to respond to influenza vaccine in the aged: correlation with B-cell number and function. J Lab Clin Med 1978; 92: 822–8
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Patriarca PA, Weber JA, Parker RA, et al. Efficacy of influenza vaccine in nursing homes: reduction in illnesses and complications during an influenza A (H3N2) epidemic. JAMA 1985; 253: 1136–9
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress. Cost effectiveness of influenza vaccination. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1982
Google Scholar
Meitl JF. Influenza immunization for Medicare eligibles: a demonstration of cost-effectiveness. Twenty-second Immunization Conference Proceedings. Atlanta (GA): United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, 1988: 117–8
Google Scholar
McBean AM, Babish JD, Warren JL. The impact and cost of influenza in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2105–11
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Foster DA, Talsma A, Furumoto-Dawson A, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization for pneumonia in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 296–307
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Ohmit SE, Monto AS. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalization among the elderly during influenza type A and type B seasons. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 1240–8
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control. Final results: Medicare influenza vaccine demonstration — selected states, 1988–1992. MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 1993; 42: 601–4
Google Scholar
Fedson DS, Wajda A, Nicol JP, et al. Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccine in Manitoba. JAMA 1993; 270: 1956–61
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma H, et al. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 778–84
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mullooly JP, Bennett MD, Hornbrook MC, et al. Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons: cost-effectiveness in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 947–52
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Mucher DM, Watson DA, Dominguez EA. Pneumococcal vaccination: work to date and future prospects. Am J Med Sci 1990; 300: 45–52
Article
Google Scholar
Heffron R. Pneumonia with special reference to pneumococcus lobar pneumonia. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1939: 446–78
Google Scholar
Fedson DS, Wajda A, Nicol JP, et al. The old man’s friend [letter]. Lancet 1993; 342: 561
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Austrian R, Douglas RM, Schiffman G, et al. Prevention of pneumonia by vaccination. Trans Assoc Am Phys 1976; 89: 184–94
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kerttula Y, Leinonen M, Koskela M, et al. The aetiology of pneumonia: application of bacterial serology and basic laboratory methods. J Infect 1987; 14: 21–30
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Austrian R. A reassessment of pneumococcal vaccine. N Engl Med 1984; 310: 651–3
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Clemens JD, Shapiro ED. Resolving the pneumococcal vaccine controversy: are there alternatives to randomized clinical trials? Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: 589–99
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Shapiro ED, Berg AT, Austrian R, et al. The protective efficacy of polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1453–60
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
LaForce FM, Eickhoff TC. Pneumococcal vaccine: an emerging consensus. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108: 757–9
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Forrester HL, Jahnigen DW, LaForce FM. Inefficacy of pneumococcal vaccine in a high-risk population. Am J Med 1987; 83: 425–30
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Borgono JM, McLean AA, Vell PP, et al. Vaccination and revaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults and infants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1978; 157: 148–54
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989; 38: 64–76
Google Scholar
Sisk JF, Riegelman RK. Cost effectiveness of vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia: an update. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 79–86
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
McBean AM, Babish JD, Prihoda R. The utilization of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among elderly Medicare beneficiaries, 1985 through 1988. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 2009–16
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gable CB, Holzer SS, Engelhart L, et al. Pneumococcal vaccine: efficacy and associated cost savings. JAMA 1990; 264: 2910–5
PubMed
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
DeStefano F, Goodman RT, Noble GR, et al. Simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine. JAMA 1982; 247: 2551–4
Article
Google Scholar
Applebaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 77–83
Article
Google Scholar