References
Alzheimer A. Ueber einen eigenartigen, schweren Erkrankungsprozess der Hirnrinde. Neurologisches Centralblatt 25: 1134, 1906
Alzheimer A. Ueber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtliche Medizin 645: 146–148, 1907
Amaducci L, Angst J, Bech P, Benkert O, Bruinvels J, et al. Consensus Conference on the methodology of clinical trials of ‘Nootropics’, Munich, June 1989: report of the Consensus Committee. Pharmacopsychiatry 23: 171–175, 1990
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. revised (DSM-IIIR), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, 1987
Anthony JC, LeResche L, Niaz U, von Korff MR, Folstein MF. Limits of the ‘Mini-Mental State’ as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. Psychological Medicine 12: 397–408, 1982
Crook T, Salama M, Gobert J. A computerized test battery for detecting and assessing memory disorders. In Bes A et al. (Eds) Senile dementias: early detection, pp. 79–85, John Libbey, London, 1986
Dahlke F, et al. Recommendations for clinical drug trials in dementia: clinical research working group from the pharmaceutical industry on dementia. Dementia 1: 292–295, 1990
Erzigkeit H. The SKT — a short cognitive performance test as an instrument for the assessment of clinical efficacy of cognition enhancers. In Bergener M & Reisberg D (Eds) Diagnosis and treatment of senile dementia, pp. 164–174, Springer, Berlin, 1989
FDA. Antidementia drug assessment symposium, June 1989. Transcript, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, 1989
Ferris SH, Crook T, Flicker C, Reisberg B, Bartus RT. Assessing cognitive impairment and evaluating treatment effects: psychometric performance tests. In Poon LW (Ed.) Handbook for clinical memory assessment, pp. 139–148, American Psychological Association, Washington, 1986
Folstein M, Anthony JC, Parhad I, Duffy B, Gruenberg EM. The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 33: 228–235, 1985
Galasko D, Klauber MR, Hofstetter CR, Salmon DP, Lasker B, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination in the early diagnoses of Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology 47: 49–52, 1990
Gräsel E, Cameron S, Lehrl S. What contribution can the Hachinski Ischemic Scale make to the differential diagnosis between multi-infarct dementia and primary degenerative dementia? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 11: 63–75, 1990
Hachinski VC, Fliff LD, Zilha E, Du Bouhy GH, McAllister VL, et al. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology 32: 632–637, 1975
Iqbal K, Wang GP, Grundke-Iqbal I, Wisniewski HM. Laboratory diagnostic tests for Alzheimer’s disease. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 317: 679–687, 1989
Israel L, Kosarevic D, Sartorius N. Source book of geriatric assessment, Vols 1 and 2, Karger, Basel-München-Paris, 1984
Jarvik LF, Berg L, Bartus R, Heston L, Leith N, et al. Clinical drug trials in Alzheimer disease. What are some of the issues? Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 4: 193–202, 1990
Joachim CL, Mori H, Selkoe DJ. Amyloid β-protein deposition in tissues other than brain in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 341: 226–230, 1989
Jorm AF, Scott R, Cullen JS, MacKinnon AJ. Performance of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) as a screening test for dementia. Psychological Medicine 21: 785–790, 1991
Kahn RL, Zarit SH, Hilbert NM, Niederehe GM. Memory complaint and impairment in the aged. Archives of General Psychiatry 32: 1569–1573, 1975
Kanowski S, Ladurner G, Maurer K, Oswald WD, Stein U. Empfehlungen zur Evaluierung der Wirksamkeit von Nootropika (Recommendations for the efficacy evaluation of nootropic drugs). Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie und -psychiatrie 3: 67–79, 1990
Lang CJG. Continuous figure recognition in dementia and unilateral cerebral damage. Neuropsychologia 25: 619–628, 1989
Macfadyen DM, Henderson J. Dementia in later life: research and action. In Häfner H et al. (Eds) Mental health in the elderly: a review of the present state of research, pp. 174–181, Springer, Berlin, 1986
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, et al. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology 34: 939–944, 1984
Morris JC, McKeel Jr DW, Fulling K, Torack RM, Berg L. Validation of clinical diagnostic criteria in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Annals of Neurology 24: 17–22, 1988
Morris RG, Evenden JL, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Computer-aided assessment of dementia: comparative studies of neuropsychological deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson’s disease. In Stahl M et al. (Eds) Cognitive neurochemistry, pp. 21–36, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1987
Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. The Global Deterioration Scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry 139: 1136–1139, 1982
Rosen WG, Mohs RC, David KL. A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 141: 1356–1364, 1984
Rosen WG, Terry RD, Fuld PA, Katzman R, Peck A. A pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Annals of Neurology 7: 486–488, 1980
Roth M, Tym E, Mountjoy CQ, Huppert FA, Hendrie H, et al. CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 149: 698–709, 1986
Satzger W, Engel RR, Ferguson E, Kapfhammer H, Eich FX, et al. Effects of single doses of alpidem, lorazepam, and placebo on memory and attention in healthy young and elderly volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry 23(Suppl. 3): 114–119, 1990a
Satzger W, Wagner M, Münzel K, Engel RR. Wirkung von Äthanol, Lorazepam und Scopolamin auf Gedächtnis und Aufmerksamkeit. 32. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen, Universität Regensburg, 1990b
Scogin F, Storandt M, Lott L. Memory-skills training, memory complaints, and depression in older adults. Journal of Gerontology 40: 562–568, 1985
Selkoe DJ. Deciphering Alzheimer’s Disease: the amyloid precursor protein yields new clues. Science 248: 1058–1060, 1990
Shader RI, Harmatz JS, Salzman C. A new scale for clinical assessment in geriatric populations: Sandoz clinical assessment — geriatric (SCAG). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 22: 107–113, 1974
Spiegel R, Brunner C, Ermini-Fünfschilling D, Monsch A, Notter M, et al. A new behavioral assessment scale for geriatric out-and in-patients: the NOSGER (Nurses’ Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 39: 339–347, 1991
Storandt M, Botwinick J, Danziger WL. Longitudinal changes: patients with mild SDAT and matched healthy controls. In Poon LW (Ed.) Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults, pp. 277–284, American Psychological Association, Washington, 1986
Swash M, Brooks DN, Day NE, Frith CD, Levy R, et al. Clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 54: 178–181, 1991
Van Riezen H, Segal M. Comparative evaluation of rating scales for clinical psychopharmacology, Elsevier, Basel, Jerusalem, 1988
WHO. Tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chap. V (F): mental, behavioural and certain developmental disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines, World Health Organization, Division of Mental Health, Geneva, 1989
Zaudig M, Mittelhammer J, Hiller W, Pauls A, Thora C, et al. SIDAM — A Structured Interview for the diagnosis of Dementia of the Alzheimer type, Multi-infarct dementia and dementias of other aetiology according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R. Psychological Medicine 21: 225–236, 1991
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Engel, R.R., Satzger, W. Methodological Problems in Assessing Therapeutic Efficacy in Patients with Dementia. Drugs & Aging 2, 79–85 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199202020-00001
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199202020-00001