Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Musculoskeletal Fitness, Health Outcomes and Quality of Life

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Sports Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The health benefits and quality-of-life outcomes of a fit musculoskeletal system (musculoskeletal fitness) are reviewed in this article. The World Health Organization suggests health is a state of complete physical, mental or social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Physical health includes such characteristics as body size and shape, sensory acuity, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning, recuperative ability and the ability to perform certain tasks.

One aspect of physical health is the musculoskeletal system, which consists of 3 components; muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. Muscular strength (dynamic) is defined as the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can generate at a specific velocity. Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a load for an extended period of time. Flexibility has 2 components, dynamic or static, where dynamic flexibility is the opposition or resistance of a joint to motion, that is, the forces opposing movement rather than the range of movement itself. Static flexibility is the range of motion about a joint, typically measured as the degree of arc at the end of joint movement. If strength, endurance and flexibility are not maintained, musculoskeletal fitness is then compromised which can significantly impact physical health and well-being.

Many health benefits are associated with musculoskeletal fitness, such as reduced coronary risk factors, increased bone mineral density (reduced risk of osteoporosis), increased flexibility, improved glucose tolerance, and greater success in completion of activities of daily living (ADL).With aging, the performance of daily tasks can become a challenge. Additionally, falls, bone fractures and the need for institutional care indicate a musculoskeletal weakness as we age. The earlier in life an individual becomes physically active the greater the increase in positive health benefits; however, becoming physically active at any age will benefit overall health.

Improved musculoskeletal fitness (for example, through resistance training combined with stretching) is associated with an enhanced health status. Thus, maintaining musculoskeletal fitness can increase overall quality of life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Donatelle RJ, Davis LG. Access to health. 3rd ed. Englwood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fox E, Bowers R, Foss M. The physiological basis for exercise and sport. 5th ed. Madison (AL): WCB Brown & Benchmark, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  3. Haennel R, Teo K-K, Quinney A, et al. Effects of hydraulic circuit training on cardiovascular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 605–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Abernethy PJ, Jurimae J, Logan PA, et al. Acute and chronic response of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise. Sports Med 1994; 17 (1): 22–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Carpinelli RN, Otto RM. Strength training: single versus multiple sets. Sports Med 1998; 26 (2): 73–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Evans WJ. Exercise training guidelines for the elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (1): 12–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Feigenbaum MS, Pollock ML. Prescription of resistance training for health and disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (1): 38–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Hurley B. Does strength training improve health status? J Strength Cond 1994; 16 (13): 7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hurley BF, Hagberg JM, Goldberg AP, et al. Resistive training can reduce coronary risk factors without altering V̇O2max or percent body fat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20 (2): 150–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Collins MA, Cureton KJ, Hill DW, et al. Relationship of heart rate to oxygen uptake during weight lifting exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23 (5): 636–40

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Rozenek R, Rosenau L, Rosenau P, et al. The effect of intensity on heart rate and blood lactate response to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 1993; 7: 51–4

    Google Scholar 

  12. McCarthy JP, Bamman MM, Yelle JM, et al. Resistance exercise training and the orthostatic response. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76 (1): 32–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. DeGroot DW, Quinn TJ, Kertzer R, et al. Circuit weight training in cardiac patients: determining optimal workloads for safety and energy expenditure. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1998; 18 (2): 145–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Davies CT, Few J, Foster KG, et al. Plasma catecholamine concentration during dynamic exercise involving different muscle groups. Eur J Appl Physiol 1974; 32 (3): 195–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. McCartney N, McKelvie RS, Martin J, et al. Weight-training-induced attenuation of the circulatory response of older males to weight lifting. J Appl Physiol 1993; 74 (3): 1056–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fleck SJ. Cardiovascular adaptations to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20 (5 Suppl.): S146–S151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Van Hoof R, Macor F, Lijnen P, et al. Effect of strength training on blood pressure measured in various conditions in sedentary men. Int J Sports Med 1996; 17 (6): 415–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Copeland SR, Mills MC, Lerner JL, et al. Hemodynamic effects of aerobic vs resistance exercise. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10 (11): 747–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Saltin B, Astrand PO. Maximal oxygen uptake in athletes. J Appl Physiol 1967; 23 (3): 353–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ekblom B, Kilbom A, Soltysiak J. Physical training, bradycardia, and autonomic nervous system. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1973; 32 (3): 251–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Frick MH, Elovainio RO, Somer T. The mechanism of bradycardia evoked by physical training. Cardiology 1967; 51 (1): 46–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Haennel RG, Snydmiller GD, Teo KK, et al. Changes in blood pressure and cardiac output during maximal isokinetic exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73 (2): 150–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lentini AC, McKelvie RS, McCartney N, et al. Left ventricular response in healthy young men during heavy-intensity weightlifting exercise. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75 (6): 2703–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Miles DS, Owens JJ, Golden JC, et al. Central and peripheral hemodynamics during maximal leg extension exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1987; 56 (1): 12–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fleck SJ, Pattany PM, Stone MH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging determination of left ventricular mass: junior Olympic weightlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25 (4): 522–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Morganroth J, Maron BJ, Henry WL, et al. Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Ann Intern Med 1975; 82 (4): 521–4

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ricci G, Lajoie D, Petitclerc R, et al. Left ventricular size following endurance, sprint, and strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14 (5): 344–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing resistance training programs. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 1997

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sagiv M, Hanson P, Goldhammer E, et al. Left ventricular and hemodynamic responses during upright isometric exercise in normal young and elderly men. Gerontology 1988; 34 (4): 165–70

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sagiv M, Sagiv A, Ben-Sira D, et al. Effects of chronic overload training and aging on left ventricular systolic function. Gerontology 1997; 43 (6): 307–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lewis SF, Snell PG, Taylor WF, et al. Role of muscle mass and mode of contraction in circulatory responses to exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58 (1): 146–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sale DG, Moroz DE, McKelvie RS, et al. Comparison of blood pressure response to isokinetic and weight-lifting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993; 67 (2): 115–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sagiv M, Goldhammer E, Abinader EG, et al. Aging and the effect of increased after-load on left ventricular contractile state. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20 (3): 281–4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. MacDougall JD, Tuxen D, Sale DG, et al. Arterial blood pressure response to heavy resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58 (3): 785–90

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Donald KW, Lind AR, McNicol GW. Cardiovascular responses to sustained (static) contractions. Circ Res 1982; 20: 115–32

    Google Scholar 

  36. Harris KA, Holly RG. Physiological response to circuit weight training in borderline hypertensive subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19 (3): 246–52

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hoque MS, Ali SM, Waiz A. An exercise training combined with dietary program for patients with hypertension. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1998; 24 (1): 14–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Seals DR, Hagberg JM. The effect of exercise training on human hypertension: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16 (3): 207–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Astrand PO. ‘Why exercise?’ Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24 (2): 153–62

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Johnson CC, Stone MH, Lopez SA, et al. Diet and exercise in middle-aged men. J Am Diet Assoc 1982; 81 (6): 695–701

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wallace MB, Moffatt RJ. Acute effects of resistance exercise on plasma lipids and lipoproteins [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21 (2 Suppl.): S116

    Google Scholar 

  42. Weltman A, Janney C, Rians CB, et al. The effects of hydrolicresistance strength training on serum lipid levels in prepubertal boys. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141: 777–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Goldberg L, Elliot DL, Schutz RW, et al. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels after weight training. JAMA 1984; 252 (4): 504–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yki-Jarvinen H, Koivisto VA, Taskinen MR, et al. Glucose tolerance, plasma lipoproteins and tissue lipoprotein lipase activities in body builders. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984; 53 (3): 253–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Guyton A. Textbook of medical physiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B. Saunders Company, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  46. Eriksson J, Taimela S, Eriksson K, et al. Resistance training in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 (4): 242–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Eriksson J, Tuominen J, Valle T, et al. Aerobic endurance exercise or circuit-type resistance training for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance? Horm Metab Res 1998; 30 (1): 37–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ishii T, Yamakita T, Sato T, et al. Resistance training improves insulin sensitivity in NIDDM subjects without altering maximal oxygen uptake. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (8): 1353–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Smutok MA, Reece C, Kokkinos PF, et al. Aerobic versus strength training for risk factor intervention in middle-aged men at high risk for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 1993; 42 (2): 177–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Miller WJ, Sherman WM, Ivy JL. Effect of strength training on glucose tolerance and post-glucose insulin response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16 (6): 539–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cononie CC, Graves JE, Pollock ML, et al. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-yr-old men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23 (4): 505–11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. McCartney N. Role of resistance training in heart disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30 Suppl. 10: S396–S402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fiatarone MA, Evans WJ. The etiology and reversibility of muscle dysfunction in the aged. J Gerontol 1993; 48 Spec No.: 77–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Bergstrom G, Aniansson A, Bjelle A, et al. Functional consequences of joint impairment at age 79. Scand J Rehab Med 1985; 17: 183–90

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tortora GJ. Principles of human anatomy. 4th ed. New York (NY): Harper & Row, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  56. Young A, Stokes M, Crowe M. Size and strength of the quadriceps muscles of old and young women. Eur J Clin Invest 1984; 14: 282–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kiltgaard H, Mantoni M, Schiaffino S, et al. Functional, morphological and protein expression of ageing skeletal muscle: a cross-sectional study of elderly men with different training backgrounds. Acta Physiol Scand 1990; 140: 41–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Grimby G, Danneskiod-Samsoe B, Hvid K, et al. Morphology and enzymatic capacity in arm and leg-muscles in 78–82 year old men and women. Acta Physiol Scand 1982; 115: 124–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Burr DB. Muscle strength, bone mass, and age-related bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12 (10): 1547–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Evans WJ. Effects of exercise on body composition and functional capacity of the elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1995; 50 Spec No.: 147–50

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Baechle TR. Essentials of strength training and conditioning. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  62. Stone MH, Fleck SJ, Triplett NT, et al. Health- and performance related potential of resistance training. Sports Med 1991; 11 (4): 210–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Fox E, Bowers R, Foss M. Exercise, body composition, and weight control. In: Rogers C, editor. The physiological basis for exercise and sports. 5th ed. Madison (AL): WCB Brown & Benchmark, 1988: 539–74

    Google Scholar 

  64. Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP. Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its application. 2nd ed. Mountain View (CA): Mayfield Publishing Company, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hopp JF. Effects of age and resistance training on skeletal muscle: a review. Phys Ther 1993; 73 (6): 361–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Cohn SH, Vaswani A, Zanzid I, et al. Changes in body chemical composition with age measured by total-body neutron activation. Metabolism 1976; 25: 85–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Campbell MJ, McComas AJ, Petito F. Physiological changes in ageing muscles. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychol 1973; 36: 174–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr 1993; 123 Suppl. 2: 465–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Evans WJ. Reversing sarcopenia: how weight training can build strength and vitality. Geriatrics 1996; 51 (5): 46–7, 51–3, quiz 54

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Vandervoort AA, McComas AJ. Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 361–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kirkendall DT, Garrett Jr. WE. The effects of aging and training on skeletal muscle. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (4): 598–602

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lexell J, Taylor CC, Sjostrom M. What is the cause of the ageing atrophy? Total number, size and proportion of different fiber types studied in whole vastus lateralis muscle from 15- to 83-year-old men. J Neurol Sci 1988; 84: 275–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Tsuneko S, Hiromichi A, Kuniyoshi K, et al. Age changes in size and number of muscle fibers in human minor pectoral muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 1984; 28: 99–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. McComas AJ. Aging. Skeletal muscle: form and function. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  75. Aniansson A, Grimby G, Nygaard E, et al. Muscle fiber composition and fiber area in various age groups [abstract]. Muscle Nerve 1980 May/Jun; 3: 271–2

    Google Scholar 

  76. Young A, Hughes I, Round JM, et al. The effect of knee injury on the number of muscle fibers in the human quadriceps femoris. Clin Sci 1982; 62: 227–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Larsson L, Grimby G, Karlsson J. Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol 1979; 46: 451–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O’Reilly KP. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved muscle function. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64 (3): 1038–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Tesch PA. Skeletal muscle adaptations consequent to long-term heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988; 20 (5): S132–S134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med 1994; 330 (25): 1769–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Hurlbut D, et al. Muscle quality. II. Effects Of strength training in 65- to 75-yr-old men and women. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86 (1): 195–201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Treuth MS, Ryan AS, Pratley RE, et al. Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in oldermen [published erratum appears in J Appl Physiol 1994 Dec; 77 (6): following table of contents]. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77 (2): 614–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Miller JP, Pratley RE, Goldberg AP, et al. Strength training increases insulin action in healthy 50- to 65-yr-old men. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77 (3): 1122–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nichols JF, Omizo DK, Peterson KK, et al. Efficacy of heavy resistance training for active women over sixty: muscular strength, body composition, and program adherence. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41 (3): 205–10

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Aniansson A, Rundgren A, Sperling L. Evaluation of functional capacity in activities of daily living in 70-year-old men and women. Scand J Rehab Med 1980; 12: 145–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Jette AM, Branch LG, Berlin J. Musculoskeletal impairments and physical disablement among the aged. J Gerontol 1990; 45 (6): M203–M208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Giampaoli S, Ferrucci L, Cecchi F, et al. Hand-grip strength predicts incident disability in non-disabled older men. Age Ageing 1999; 28: 283–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kallman DA, Plato CC, Tobin JD. The role of muscle loss in the age-related decline of grip strength: cross-sectional and longitudinal perspectives. J Gerontol 1990; 45 (3):M82–M88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Young A, Skelton DA. Applied physiology of strength and power in old age. Int J Sports Med 1994; 15 (3): 149–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Bassey EJ, Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, et al. Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 321–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ringsberg K, Gerdhem P, Johansson J, et al. Is there a relationship between balance, gait performance and muscular strength in 75-year-old women? Age Ageing 1999; 28: 289–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Skelton DA, Greig CA, Davies JM, et al. Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65–89 years. Age Ageing 1994; 23 (5): 371–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Laukkanen P, Heikkinen E, Kauppinen M. Muscle strength and mobility as predictors of survival in 75–84-year-old people. Age Ageing 1995; 24 (6): 468–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pollock ML, Evans WJ. Resistance training for health and disease: introduction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (1): 10–1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Moritani T, deVries H. Potential for muscle hypertrophy in older men. J Gerontol 1980; 35: 672–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Dupler TL, Cortes C. Effects of a whole-body resistive training regimen in the elderly. J Gerontol 1993; 39: 314–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Frost HM. Perspective on our age-related bone loss: Insights from a new paradigm. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12 (10): 1539–45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Lohman T, Going S, Pamenter R, et al. Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10 (7): 1015–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Block JE, Friedlander AL, Brooks GA, et al. Determinants of bone density among athletes engaged in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing activity. J Appl Physiol 1989; 67 (3): 1100–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Conroy BP, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, et al. Bone mineral density in elite junior Olympic weightlifters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25 (10): 1103–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lewis RD, Modlesky CM. Nutrition, physical activity, and bone health in women. Int J Sport Nutr 1998; 8 (3): 250–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Kohrt WM, Ehsani AA, Birge Jr. SJ. Effects of exercise involving predominantly either joint-reaction or ground-reaction forces on bone mineral density in older women. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12 (8): 1253–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Karlsson MK, Vergnaud P, Delmas PD, et al. Indicators of bone formation in weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int 1995; 56 (3): 177–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ryan AS, Treuth MS, Rubin MA, et al. Effects of strength training on bone mineral density: hormonal and bone turnover relationships. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77 (4): 1678–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Karlsson MK, Johnell O, Obrant KJ. Bone mineral density in weight lifters. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52 (3): 212–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lea and Febiger, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  107. Chapman EA, de Vries HA, Swezey R. Joint stiffness: effects of exercise on young and old men. J Gerontol 1972; 27 (2): 218–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Goldspink G. Cellular and molecular aspects of adaptation in skeletal muscle. In: Komi PV, editor. Strength and power in sport. London: Blackwell Science Ltd, 1992: 211–29

    Google Scholar 

  109. Johnson RC, Smidt GL. Hip motion measurements for selected activities of daily living. Clin Observations 1970; 72: 205–15

    Google Scholar 

  110. Murray MP, Kory RC, Clarkson BH. walking patterns in healthy old men. J Gerontol 1969; 24: 169–78

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Voorrips LE, Koen AP, Lemmink PM, et al. The physical condition of elderly women differing in habitual physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25 (10): 1152–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Raab DM, Agre JC, McAdam M, et al. Light resistance and stretching exercise in elderly women: effect upon flexibility. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 268–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Warburton D, Gledhill N, Quinney A. The effects of changes in musculoskeletal fitness on health. Can J Appl Physiol 2001; 26 (2): 161–216

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Payne N, Gledhill N, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. Health implications of musculoskeletal fitness. Can J Appl Physiol 2000; 25 (2): 114–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E2, Canada

    Robert T. Kell, Gordon Bell & Art Quinney

Authors
  1. Robert T. Kell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gordon Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Art Quinney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gordon Bell.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kell, R.T., Bell, G. & Quinney, A. Musculoskeletal Fitness, Health Outcomes and Quality of Life. Sports Med 31, 863–873 (2001). https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131120-00003

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131120-00003

Keywords

Search

Navigation