Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Community water fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in newly enrolled members of the Canadian Armed Forces 2006–2017

  • Quantitative Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

This cross-sectional study examines the dental caries experience of new Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) members in relation to enrollment from municipalities with and without water fluoridation.

Methods

The study population consisted of recruits who enrolled in the CAF between 2006 and 2017 with an enrollment address in municipalities with known fluoridation status (n = 24,552). Odontogram statistics from dental examinations were used to calculate the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) and tooth surfaces (DMFS) for each recruit. The average difference between recruits from municipalities with and without fluoridation was determined using a linear regression model which adjusted for confounding by age and gender and allowed effect modification based on socio-economic status.

Results

The average recruit was male, 24 years of age, with 5.6 DMFT and 11.6 DMFS. After adjusting for age and gender, recruits residing in municipalities with water fluoridation had lower DMFT by 0.67 (CI − 0.55, − 0.79) points and lower DMFS by 1.77 (− 1.46, − 2.09) points. When allowing for effect modification by median income quintile of the recruits’ home census tract, the average reduction in DMFT and DMFS was similar in all income quintiles, with average reductions in DMFT ranging from 0.47 to 1.02 and average reductions in DMFS ranging from 1.33 to 2.70.

Conclusion

Residence in a municipality with water fluoridation was associated with reduced caries experience in a national sample of newly enrolled CAF members. The benefits of water fluoridation were uniform across neighbourhood income and military rank classes.

Résumé

Objectifs

Cette étude transversale examine l’importance du niveau de la carie dentaire des nouveaux membres des Forces armées canadiennes (FAC) par rapport à l’enrôlement provenant des municipalités avec et sans fluoration de l’eau.

Méthodes

La population étudiée était constituée de recrues qui se sont enrôlés dans les FAC entre 2006 et 2017 avec une adresse d’inscription dans les municipalités dont le statut de fluoration est connu (n = 24 552). Les statistiques en provenance des odontogrammes des examens dentaires ont été utilisées pour calculer le nombre de dents et surfaces cariés, absents et obturés (CAOD & CAOF) pour chaque recrue. La différence moyenne entre les recrues des municipalités avec ou sans fluoration a été déterminée à l’aide d’un modèle de régression linéaire qui a été ajusté pour prendre en considération l’âge et le sexe et a permis une modification de l’effet en fonction du statut socioéconomique.

Résultats

La recrue moyenne était un homme de 24 ans avec 5,6 CAOD et 11,6 CAOF. Après ajustement en fonction de l’âge et du sexe, les recrues résidant dans les municipalités avec fluoration de l’eau avaient un CAOD inférieur de 0,67 points (IC -0,55, -0,79) et un CAOF inférieur de 1,77 points (-1,46, -2,09). En permettant la modification de l’effet par l’indice de revenu médian du secteur de recensement d’origine des recrues, la réduction moyenne du CAOD et du CAOF était similaire dans tous les niveaux de revenu, avec des réductions moyennes du CAOD d’entre 0,47 et 1,02 et des réductions moyennes du CAOF d’entre 1,33 et 2,70.

Conclusion

La résidence dans une municipalité avec fluoration de l’eau a été associée avec une réduction des caries dans un échantillonnage national de nouveaux membres enrôlés dans les FAC. Les avantages de la fluoration de l’eau étaient uniformes dans l’ensemble des niveaux de revenu du quartier et des différentes classes de grade militaire.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Australian Government. (2017). National Health and Human Research Council Public Statement 2017: water fluoridation and human health in Australia. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/2017-public-statement-water-fluoridation-and-human-health.

  • British Fluoridation Society. (2012). One in a million: the facts about water fluoridation. https://7e13609e-2c80-44ea-a31e-5ae714793ae5.filesusr.com/ugd/014a47_0776b576cf1c49308666cef7caae934e.pdf.

  • Broadbent, J., & Thomson, W. (2005). For debate: problems with the DMF index pertinent to dental caries data analysis. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 33(6), 400–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, B., & Eklund, S. (2005). Dentistry, dental practice, and the community (6th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders.

  • Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. (2017). Community water fluoridation programs: a health technology assessment. https://www.cadth.ca/community-water-fluoridation-programs-health-technology-assessment.

  • Canadian Dental Association. (2017). The state of oral health in Canada. https://www.cda-adc.ca/stateoforalhealth/_files/TheStateofOralHealthinCanada.pdf.

  • Clark, D., Shulman, J., Maupomé, G., & Levy, S. (2006). Changes in dental fluorosis following the cessation of water fluoridation. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 34(3), 197–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deatherage, C. (1943). Fluoride domestic waters and dental caries experience in 2026 white Illinois selective service men. Journal of Dental Research, 22(2), 129–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fontana, M., Young, D., Wolff, M., Pitts, N., & Longbottom, C. (2010). Defining dental caries for 2010 and beyond. Dental Clinics, 54(3), 423–440.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, D., & Winters, M. (2017). Income inequalities in bike score and bicycling to work in Canada. Journal of Transport and Health, 7(December), 264–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannobile, W., & Lang, N. (2016). Are dental implants a panacea or should we better strive to save teeth? Journal of Dental Research, 95(1), 5–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, S., Regnier, E., Griffin, P., & Huntley, V. (2007). Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults. Journal of Dental Research, 86(5), 410–415.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopcraft, M., & Morgan, M. (2005). Dental caries experience in Australian army recruits 2002–2003. Australian Dental Journal, 50(1), 16–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamburoglu, K., Kolsuz, E., Murat, S., Yüksel, S., & Ozen, T. (2012). Proximal caries detection accuracy using intraoral bitewing radiography, extraoral bitewing radiography and panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol, 41(6), 450–459.

  • Kassebaum, N., Bernabe, E., Dahiya, M., Bhandari, B., Murray, C., & Mercenes, W. (2015). Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. Journal of Dental Research, 94, 650–658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, G., Slade, G., Kitchener, S., & Barnett, A. (2008). Lifetime fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in a military population. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 36(6), 485–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, L., & Emery, J. (2012). Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequities in Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 103(7 Suppl 1), eS49–eS56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaren, L., Patterson, S., Thawer, S., Faris, P., McNeil, D., Potestio, M., & Shwart, L. (2016). Measuring the short-term impact of fluoridation cessation on dental caries in grade 2 children using tooth surface indices. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 44(3), 274–282.

  • Ontario Dental Association. (2019). ODA suggested fee guide for general practitioners. http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/dental/docs/hso_services_fees_dentist.pdf.

  • Park, J. (2008). A profile of the Canadian Forces. Perspectives. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-001-x/2008107/pdf/10657-eng.pdf.

  • Public Health England. (2014). Water fluoridation: health monitoring report for England 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-fluoridationhealth-monitoring-report-for-england-2014.

  • R Core Team. (2019). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing https://www.R-project.org/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabb-Waytowich, D. (2009). Water fluoridation in Canada: past and present. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association, 75(6), 451–454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakhshan, V. (2015). Congenitally missing teeth (hypodontia): a review of the literature concerning the etiology, prevalence, risk factors, patterns and treatment. Dental Research Journal, 12(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B., Pethybridge, R., & Rugg-Gunn, A. (1983). Dental caries experience of 16–17-year-old naval recruits related to the water fluoride level in their home town. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 11(3), 183–187.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, A., Grider, W., Maas, W., Curiel, J., & Slade, G. (2019). Association between water fluoridation and income-related dental caries of US children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 288–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal, S., Farmer, J., & McLaren, L. (2017). Methodological considerations for designing a community water fluoridation cessation study. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 45(3), 193–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soukoreff, R., & MacKenzie, I. (2001). Measuring errors in text entry tasks: an application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic. In CHI’01 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 319–320). New York: ACM.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tchouaket, E., Brouselle, A., Fansi, A., Dionne, P., Bertrand, E., & Fortin, C. (2013). The economic value of Quebec’s water fluoridation program. Journal of Public Health, 21(6), 523–533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & STROBE Initiative. (2014). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. International Journal of Surgery (London, England), 12(12), 1495–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the work of Evilda Covrk for her continued efforts in maintaining the relevant data and providing research-ready databases to complete this project.

Funding

This study received financial support from the Canadian Institute for Military and Veteran Health Research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Randy Boyes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Batsos, C., Boyes, R. & Mahar, A. Community water fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in newly enrolled members of the Canadian Armed Forces 2006–2017. Can J Public Health 112, 513–520 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00463-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00463-7

Keywords

Mots-clés

Navigation