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Association between neighbourhood fast-food and full-service restaurant density and body mass index: A cross-sectional study of Canadian adults

Canadian Journal of Public Health volume 105, pages e172–e178 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective: Frequent fast-food consumption is a well-known risk factor for obesity. This study sought to determine whether the availability of fast-food restaurants has an influence on body mass index (BMI).

METHODS: BMI and individual-level confounding variables were obtained from the 2007-08 Canadian Community Health Survey. Neighbourhood socio-demographic variables were acquired from the 2006 Canadian Census. The geographic locations of all restaurants in Canada were assembled from a validated business registry database. The density of fast-food, full-service and non-chain restaurants per 10,000 individuals was calculated for respondents’ forward sortation area. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to analyze the association between restaurant density and BMI.

RESULTS: Fast-food, full-service and non-chain restaurant density variables were statistically significantly associated with BMI. Fast-food density had a positive association whereas full-service and non-chain restaurant density had a negative association with BMI (additional 10 fast-food restaurants per capita corresponded to a weight increase of 1 kilogram; p<0.001). These associations were primarily found in Canada’s major urban jurisdictions.

CONCLUSIONS: This research was the first to investigate the influence of fast-food and full-service restaurant density on BMI using individual-level data from a nationally representative Canadian survey. The finding of a positive association between fast-food restaurant density and BMI suggests that interventions aiming to restrict the availability of fast-food restaurants in local neighbourhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

Résumé

OBJECTIF: La consommation fréquente d’aliments de restauration rapide est un facteur de risque d’obésité bien connu. Nous avons cherché à déterminer si la présence de restaurants rapides a une influence sur l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC).

MÉTHODE: L’IMC et les variables de confusion individuelles ont été puisés dans l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes de 2007-2008. Les variables sociodémographiques par quartier ont été obtenues dans le Recensement du Canada de 2006. Nous avons déterminé l’emplacement géographique de tous les restaurants au Canada à partir d’un registre des entreprises validé. Nous avons calculé la densité pout 10 000 habitants des restaurants rapides, plein service et n’appartenant pas à une chaîne, selon la région de tri d’acheminement des répondants. Nous avons effectué des analyses de régression multivariées pour étudier l’association entre la densité des restaurants et l’IMC.

RÉSULTATS: Les variables de densité des restaurants rapides, plein service et n’appartenant pas à une chaîne présentaient une corrélation significative avec l’IMC. Pour la densité des restaurants rapides, cette association était positive, tandis que pour les restaurants plein service et n’appartenant pas à une chaîne, la densité était négativement associée à l’IMC (chaque tranche supplémentaire de 10 restaurants rapides par habitant correspondait à une hausse pondérale d’1 kilogramme; p<0,001). Ces associations étaient principalement observées dans les grands centres urbains du Canada.

CONCLUSIONS: Notre étude est la première à analyser l’influence de la densité des restaurants rapides et plein service sur l’IMC à l’aide de données individuelles provenant d’une enquête nationale représentative menée au Canada. La découverte d’une association positive entre la densité des restaurants rapides et l’IMC donne à penser que les interventions visant à limiter la présence des restaurants rapides à l’échelle des quartiers pourraient être des stratégies utiles pour prévenir l’obésité.

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Author information

Affiliations

  1. Room K201, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada

    Simon Hollands MSc, M. Karen Campbell PhD & Sisira Sarma PhD, Kresge Bldg

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    M. Karen Campbell PhD

  3. Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    M. Karen Campbell PhD & Jason Gilliland PhD

  4. Children’s Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada

    M. Karen Campbell PhD & Jason Gilliland PhD

  5. Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Jason Gilliland PhD

  6. School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    Jason Gilliland PhD

Authors
  1. Simon Hollands MSc
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  2. M. Karen Campbell PhD
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  3. Jason Gilliland PhD
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  4. Sisira Sarma PhD, Kresge Bldg
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sisira Sarma PhD, Kresge Bldg.

Additional information

Acknowledgements: This paper uses confidential microdata files from Statistics Canada’s Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007-08, and from the restaurant database from info Canada. All data analyses were conducted at the University of Western Ontario Research Data Centre. Funding for this research by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research operating grant (reference number: MOP-97763) is gratefully acknowledged. This is a substantially revised version of Simon Hollands’ thesis chapter submitted to the University of Western Ontario. The views expressed, however, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of any affiliated organization.

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

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Hollands, S., Campbell, M.K., Gilliland, J. et al. Association between neighbourhood fast-food and full-service restaurant density and body mass index: A cross-sectional study of Canadian adults. Can J Public Health 105, e172–e178 (2014). https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.105.4287

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.105.4287

Key Words

  • Obesity
  • fast foods
  • body mass index
  • environment and public health

Mots Clés

  • obésité
  • aliments de restauration rapide
  • indice de masse corporelle
  • environnement et santé publique