Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Factors responsible for mother-to-child HIV transmission in Ontario, Canada, 1996–2008

  • Quantitative Research
  • Published:
Canadian Journal of Public Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Despite a high uptake of HIV screening and anti-retroviral prophylaxis in Ontario, several cases of mother-to-child (MTC) transmission occur every year. We wished to examine the modifiable factors responsible for MTC HIV transmission in Ontario, in particular HIV testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis and breast-feeding.

METHODS: Using the Ontario data from the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program, we examined potential correlates of late maternal HIV diagnosis (i.e., diagnosed at or after delivery) among women delivering from 1996 to 2008. To better understand the factors responsible for MTC HIV transmission, we reviewed the medical charts of 35 HIV-infected infants born in Ontario.

RESULTS: Among the 645 HIV-infected mothers, 85 (13.2%) had late HIV diagnosis. The proportion with late HIV diagnosis significantly decreased during the study period, but did not differ by race/ethnicity group or maternal exposure category. With respect to the mothers of the 35 HIV-infected infants, 27 (77%) were diagnosed with HIV at or after delivery. The reasons no prenatal HIV test was performed were: not offered, offered but refused, no prenatal care, denied HIV testing history, and offered but not done. Reasons for no or incomplete antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARP) among eight mothers diagnosed prior to or during pregnancy were: refused or non-compliant with ARP, and failed to inform care provider of HIV status.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the recommendation for universal prenatal HIV counseling and voluntary testing adopted in Ontario, MTC transmission continued to occur, mostly due to late HIV diagnosis of the mother. Future work to reduce perinatal HIV infection should focus on enhancing timely HIV testing of pregnant women.

Résumé

OBJECTIF: Malgré le recours élevé au dépistage du VIH et à la prophylaxie antirétrovirale en Ontario, plusieurs cas de transmission de la mère à l’enfant (TME) surviennent chaque année. Nous avons voulu examiner les facteurs modifiables de la TME du VIH en Ontario, en particulier le dépistage du VIH, la prophylaxie antirétrovirale et l’allaitement maternel.

MÉTHODE: À l’aide des données ontariennes du Programme de surveillance périnatale du VIH au Canada, nous avons examiné les corrélats possibles du diagnostic maternel tardif du VIH (c.-à-d. durant ou après l’accouchement) chez les femmes ayant accouché entre 1996 et 2008. Pour mieux comprendre les facteurs de la TME du VIH, nous avons examiné les dossiers médicaux de 35 nourrissons infectés par le VIH nés en Ontario.

RÉSULTATS: Sur les 645 mères infectées par le VIH, 85 (13,2 %) avaient reçu un diagnostic tardif. La proportion de mères ayant reçu un diagnostic tardif du VIH a beaucoup diminué au cours de la période de l’étude, mais ne différait pas selon la race/le groupe ethnique, ni la catégorie d’exposition des mères. En ce qui a trait aux mères des 35 nourrissons infectés par le VIH, 27 (77 %) avaient reçu un diagnostic de VIH durant ou après l’accouchement. Les raisons de l’absence de dépistage prénatal du VIH étaient les suivantes: dépistage non offert; dépistage offert, mais refusé; pas de soins prénatals; déni des antécédents de dépistage du VIH; et dépistage offert, mais non effectué. Les raisons pour lesquelles la prophylaxie antirétrovirale (PAR) était incomplète ou absente chez les huit mères diagnostiquées avant ou pendant leur grossesse étaient les suivantes: refus ou non-observance de la PAR; et omission d’informer le fournisseur de soins de l’état sérologique relativement au VIH.

CONCLUSIONS: Malgré la recommandation adoptée en Ontario d’offrir universellement le counseling prénatal sur le VIH et le dépistage volontaire du VIH, la TME continue à survenir, surtout en raison du diagnostic tardif du VIH chez les mères. Les futurs efforts de réduction des infections périnatales par le VIH devraient être axés sur l’amélioration du dépistage rapide du VIH chez les femmes enceintes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Newell ML, Peckham C. Vertical transmission of HIV infection. Acta Paediatr 1994;400(suppl):43–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Mofenson L. Epidemiology and determinants of vertical HIV transmission. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1994;5:252–65.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O’Sullivan MJ, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. European Collaborative Study. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40(3):458–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, et al. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquit Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29(5):484–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Forbes JC, Alimenti AM, Singer J, Brophy JC, Bitnun A, Samson LM, et al. A national review of vertical HIV transmission. AIDS 2012;26(6):757–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Remis RS, Swantee C, Liu J. Report on HIV/AIDS in Ontario 2008. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto. April 2010. Available at: http://www.ohemu.utoronto.ca/doc/2011/PHERO2008_report_final_rev_Sept2010.pdf (Accessed September 20, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Forbes JC, Money DM, Remple PV, Burdge DR. Effect of antiretroviral use on HIV vertical transmission rate and injection drug use on adherence in British Columbia, Canada. Can J Infect Dis 2000;11:46B (Abstract 246P).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Townsend C, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham C, de Ruiter A, Lyall H, Tookey PA. Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000–2006. AIDS 2008;22:973–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. McDonald A, Zurynski Y, Wand H, Giles ML, Elliott EJ, Ziegler JB, et al. Perinatal exposure to HIV among children born in Australia, 1982–2006. Med J Aust 2009;190:416–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Birkhead G, Pulver W, Warren B, Hackel S, Rodriguez D, Smith L. Acquiring human immunodeficiency virus during pregnancy and mother-to-child transmission in New York: 2002–2006. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:1247–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bulterys M, Jamieson DJ, O’Sullivan MJ, Cohen MH, Maupin R, Nesheim S, et al. Rapid HIV-1 testing during labor: A multicentre study. JAMA 2004;292:219–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Keenan-Lindsay L, Yudin MH, Boucher M, Cohen HR, Gruslin A, MacKinnon CJ, et al. HIV screening in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006;28(12):1103–07.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Sansom SL, Jamieson DJ, Farnham PG, Bulterys M, Fowler MG. Human immunodeficiency virus retesting during pregnancy: Costs and effectiveness in preventing perinatal transmission. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(4):782–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Remis RS, Merid F, Palmer RWH, Whittingham E, King SM, Danson NS, et al. High uptake of HIV testing in pregnant women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2012;7(11):e48077.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert S. Remis MD.

Additional information

Acknowledgements: We are indebted to the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program (CPHSP) for providing the data that made this study possible. We thank the following persons at the participating hospitals for their assistance in the medical record reviews: Cheryl Arneson, Robyn Salter, Georgina MacDougall (Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto), Jennifer Bowes (Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa).

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lu, D., Liu, J., Samson, L. et al. Factors responsible for mother-to-child HIV transmission in Ontario, Canada, 1996–2008. Can J Public Health 105, e47–e52 (2014). https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.105.4092

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.17269/cjph.105.4092

Key words

Mots clés

Navigation