Abstract
Recent studies have shown that diet can affect the body’s immunity. Roughage of dairy cows consists of a variety of plant materials which make different contributions to health. This study investigated the effect of different roughages on the immunity of dairy cows. Serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and milk samples were collected from 20 multiparous mid-lactation cows fed mixed forage (MF)- or corn straw (CS)-based diets. Expression profile analysis was used to detect the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from PBMCs. The results showed that milk protein in the MF group increased to 3.22 g/100 ml, while that of the CS group milk was 2.96 g/100 ml; by RNA sequencing, it was found that 1615 genes were differentially expressed between the CS group and the MF group among the 24 027 analyzed probes. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of DEGs suggested that these genes (especially genes coding cytokines, chemokine and its receptors) are involved in the immune response. Results were confirmed at the protein level via detecting the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, leptin (LEP), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in peripheral blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay analysis. Our data supported the conclusions that the protein content in milk of the MF group was higher than that of the CS group, the CS-based diets induced more release of cytokines than the MF-based diets in dairy cows’ PBMCs, and milk protein content may be affected by cytokines.
中文概要
目的
研究不同类型的粗饲料对奶牛外周血细胞因子的影响。
创新点
明确饲喂玉米秸秆日粮奶牛外周血单核细胞基因的表达特征,研究日粮对外周血细胞因子的影响。
方法
分别收集饲喂苜蓿混合粗饲料和玉米秸秆粗饲料的奶牛牛奶、外周血单核细胞及血清,检测牛奶营养含量,应用表达谱基因芯片分析筛选外周血单核细胞中差异表达基因,并采用荧光定量聚合 酶链反应(qPCR)验证。最后采用酶联免疫吸附 试验(ELISA)检测血清细胞因子的表达量。
结论
与苜蓿混合粗饲料组相比较,玉米秸秆粗饲料组的奶牛外周血单核细胞炎性细胞因子分泌水平较高,牛奶乳蛋白含量较低(P<0.05)。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alemany M, 2013. Relationship between energy dense diets and white adipose tissue inflammation in metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res, 33(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.11.013
Alexandrow MG, Moses HL, 1995. Transforming growth factor β and cell cycle regulation. Cancer Res, 55(7):1452–1457.
Basham B, Sathe M, Grein J, et al., 2008. In vivo identification of novel STAT5 target genes. Nucleic Acids Res, 36(11): 3802–3818. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkn271
Bougarn S, Cunha P, Gilbert FB, et al., 2011. Technical note: Validation of candidate reference genes for normalization of quantitative PCR in bovine mammary epithelial cells responding to inflammatory stimuli. J Dairy Sci, 94(5): 2425–2430. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3859
Connor EE, Siferd S, Elsasser TH, et al., 2008. Effects of increased milking frequency on gene expression in the bovine mammary gland. BMC Genomics, 9:362. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-362
Darnell JE Jr, 1997. STATs and gene regulation. Science, 277(5332):1630–1635. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5332.1630
Díaz-Rúa R, García-Ruiz E, Caimari A, et al., 2014. Sustained exposure to diets with an unbalanced macronutrient proportion alters key genes involved in energy homeostasis and obesity-related metabolic parameters in rats. Food Funct, 5(12):3117–3131. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00429A
Gotsis E, Anagnostis P, Mariolis A, et al., 2015. Health benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: an update of research over the last 5 years. Angiology, 66(4):304–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714532169
Huang J, Brumell JH, 2014. Bacteria-autophagy interplay: a battle for survival. Nat Rev Microbiol, 12(2):101–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3160
Kataoka K, 2016. The intestinal microbiota and its role in human health and disease. J Med Invest, 63(1-2):27–37. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.63.27
Liu JH, Xu TT, Zhu WY, et al., 2014. High-grain feeding alters caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and results in caecal mucosal injury in goats. Br J Nutr, 112(3):416–427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514000993
Misirlioglu M, Page GP, Sagirkaya H, et al., 2006. Dynamics of global transcriptome in bovine matured oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 103(50): 18905–18910. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608247103
Musters S, Coughlan K, McFadden T, et al., 2004. Exogenous TGF-β1 promotes stromal development in the heifer mammary gland. J Dairy Sci, 87(4):896–904. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73234-8
Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, et al., 2012. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science, 336(6086): 1262–1267. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813
Olthof ED, Roelofs HM, Versleijen MW, et al., 2013. Longterm olive oil-based parenteral nutrition sustains innate immune function in home patients without active underlying disease. Clin Nutr, 32(4):643–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2012.08.009
Purup S, Vestergaard M, Sejrsen K, 2000. Involvement of growth factors in the regulation of pubertal mammary growth in cattle. Adv Exp Med Biol, 480:27–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46832-8_4
Qin T, Wang HY, Bu DP, et al., 2013. Effect of a corn straw or mixed forage diet on endocrine, metabolism and lactation performance in periparturient cows. J Anim Vet Adv, 12(2): 276–282. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2013.276.282
Rathmell JC, 2012. Metabolism and autophagy in the immune system: immunometabolism comes of age. Immunol Rev, 249(1):5–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01158.x
Schmidt JA, de Avila JM, McLean DJ, 2007. Analysis of gene expression in bovine testis tissue prior to ectopic testis tissue xenografting and during the grafting period. Biol Reprod, 76(6):1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.058222
Schwerd T, Frivolt K, Clavel T, et al., 2016. Exclusive enteral nutrition in active pediatric Crohn disease: effects on intestinal microbiota and immune regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 138(2):592–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1331
Sethi G, Shanmugam MK, Ramachandran L, et al., 2012. Multifaceted link between cancer and inflammation. Biosci Rep, 32(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20100136
Stecher B, 2015. The roles of inflammation, nutrient availability and the commensal microbiota in enteric pathogen infection. In: Conway T, Cohen PS (Eds.), Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis. ASM Press, Washington, DC, p.297–320. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MBP-0008-2014
Thorburn AN, Macia L, Mackay CR, 2014. Diet, metabolites, and “Western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases. Immunity, 40(6):833–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.014
Wathes DC, Fenwick M, Cheng Z, et al., 2007. Influence of negative energy balance on cyclicity and fertility in the high producing dairy cow. Theriogenology, 68(S1):S232–S241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.006
Weng XX, Bu DP, Li FD, et al., 2012. Responses in milk yield, milk composition and rumen fermentation in lactating cows receiving a corn straw or mixed forage diet. J Anim Vet Adv, 11:4678–4683. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2012.4678.4683
Wu WJ, Lee CF, Hsin CH, et al., 2008. TGF-β inhibits prolactin-induced expression of β-casein by a Smad3-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biochem, 104(5):1647–1659. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21734
Xia XJ, Che YY, Gao YY, et al., 2016. Arginine supplementation recovered the IFN-?-mediated decrease in milk protein and fat synthesis by inhibiting the GCN2/eIF2a pathway, which induces autophagy in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cells, 39(5):410–417. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2016.2358
Zhou J, Dong GZ, Ao CJ, et al., 2014. Feeding a highconcentrate corn straw diet increased the release of endotoxin in the rumen and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the mammary gland of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res, 10:172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0172-0
Acknowledgements
We thank former laboratory members (College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, China) for their contributions to the materials and technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31772715) and the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2011CB100805)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Che, Yy., Xia, Xj., He, Bp. et al. A corn straw-based diet increases release of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of dairy cows. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 19, 796–806 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700571
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1700571