Abstract
Objective
Chlorine dioxide (CD) gas has been used as a fumigant in the disinfection of biosafety laboratories. In this study, some experiments were conducted to assess the inactivation of spores inoculated on six materials [stainless steel (SS), painted steel (PS), polyvinyl chlorid (PVC), polyurethane (PU), glass (GS), and cotton cloth (CC)] by CD gas. The main aims of the study were to determine the sporicidal efficacy of CD gas and the effect of prehumidification before decontamination on sporicidal efficacy.
Methods
Material coupons (1.2 cm diameter of SS, PS, and PU; 1.0 cm×1.0 cm for PVC, GS, and CC) were contaminated with 10 μl of Bacillus subtilis var. niger (ATCC 9372) spore suspension in mixed organic burden and then dried in a biosafety cabinet for 12 h. The spores were recovered by soaking the coupons in 5 ml of extraction liquid for 1 h and then vortexing the liquid for 1 min.
Results
The log reductions in spore numbers on inoculated test materials exposed to CD gas [0.080% (volume ratio, v/v) for 3 h] were in the range of from 1.80 to 6.64. Statistically significant differences were found in decontamination efficacies on test material coupons of SS, PS, PU, and CC between with and without a 1-h prehumidification treatment. With the extraction method, there were no statistically significant differences in the recovery ratios between the porous and non-porous materials.
Conclusions
The results reported from this study could provide information for developing decontamination technology based on CD gas for targeting surface microbial contamination.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bergmann, H., Koparal, S., 2005. The formation of chlorine dioxide in the electrochemical treatment of drinking water for disinfection. Electrochim. Acta, 50(25–26):5218–5228. [doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.01.061]
Chatuev, B.M., Peterson, J.W., 2010. Analysis of the sporicidal activity of chlorine dioxide disinfectant against Bacillus anthracis (Sterne strain). J. Hosp. Infect., 74(2): 178–183. [doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.09.017]
Chauret, C.P., Radziminski, C.Z., Lepuil, M., Creason, R., Andrews, R.C., 2001. Chlorine dioxide inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and bacterial spore indicators. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(7):2993–3001. [doi:10.1128/AEM.67.7.2993-3001.2001]
Czarneski, M.A., Lorcheim, P., 2005. Isolator decontamination using chlorine dioxide gas. Pharm. Technol., 29(4): 124–133.
Han, Y., Sherman, D.M., Linton, R.H., Nielsen, S.S., Nelson, P.E., 2000. The effects of washing and chlorine dioxide gas on survival and attachment of Escherichia coli O157: H7 to green pepper surfaces. Food Microbiol., 17(5): 521–533. [doi:10.1006/fmic.2000.0343]
Huang, J., Wang, L., Ren, N., Ma, F., Ju, L., 1997. Disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide on bacteria in water. Water Res., 31(3):607–613. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00275-8]
Jeng, D.K., Woodworth, A.G., 1990. Chlorine dioxide gas sterilization under square-wave conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56(2):514–519.
Karabulut, O.A., Ilhan, K., Arslan, U., Vardar, C., 2009. Evaluation of the use of chlorine dioxide by fogging for decreasing postharvest decay of fig. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 52(2):313–315. [doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.01.006]
Luftman, H.S., Regits, M.A., Lorcheim, P., Czarneski, M.A., Boyle, T., Aceto, H., Dallap, B., Munro, D., Faylor, K., 2006. Chlorine dioxide gas decontamination of large animal hospital intensive and neonatal care units. Appl. Biosaf., 11(3):144–154.
Mahmoud, B.S.M., Bhagat, A.R., Linton, R.H., 2007. Inactivation kinetics of inoculated Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica on strawberries by chlorine dioxide gas. Food Microbiol., 24(7–8):736–744. [doi:10.1016/j.fm.2007.03.006]
Munro, K., Lanser, J., Flower, R., 1999. A comparative study of methods to validate formaldehyde decontamination of biological safety cabinets. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 165(2):873–876.
Radziminski, C., Ballantyne, L., Hodson, J., Creason, R., Andrews, R.C., Chauret, C., 2002. Disinfection of Bacillus subtilis spores with chlorine dioxide: a bench-scale and pilot-scale study. Water Res., 36(6): 1629–1639. [doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00355-4]
Rastogi, V.K., Wallace, L., Smith, L.S., Ryan, S.P., Martin, G.B., 2009. Quantitative method to determine sporicidal decontamination of building surfaces by gaseous fumigants, and issues related to laboratory-scale studies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 75(11):3688–3694. [doi:10.1128/AEM.02592-08]
Rastogi, V.K., Ryan, S.P., Wallace, L., Smith, L.S., Shah, S.S., Martin, G.B., 2010. Systematic evaluation of the efficacy of chlorine dioxide in decontamination of building interior surfaces contaminated with anthrax spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76(10):3343–3351. [doi:10.1128/AEM.02668-09]
Rogers, J.V., Sabourin, C.L., Taylor, M.L., Riggs, K., Choi, Y.W., Richter, W.R., Rudnicki, D.C., Stone, H.J., 2004. CDG Research Corporation Bench-Scale Chlorine Dioxide Gas: Solid Generator. Environmental Technology Verification Report. ETV Building Decontamination Technology Center, Columbus, Ohio, p.16, 30.
Rogers, J.V., Choi, Y.W., Richter, W.R., Rudnicki, D.C., Joseph, D.W., Sabourin, C.L.K., Taylor, M.L., Chang, J.C.S., 2007. Formaldehyde gas inactivation of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials. J. Appl. Microbiol., 103(4):1104–1112. [doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03332.x]
Sagripanti, J.L., Carrera, M., Insalaco, J., Ziemski, M., Rogers, J., Zandomeni, R., 2007. Virulent spores of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus species deposited on solid surfaces have similar sensitivity to chemical decontaminants. J. Appl. Microbiol., 102(1):11–21. [doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03235.x]
US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2008. Effects of Vapor-Based Decontamination Systems on Selected Building Interior Materials: Chlorine Dioxide (EPA/600/R-08/054). Available from http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1000P0S.txt
Wood, J.P., Martin, G.B., 2009. Development and field testing of a mobile chlorine dioxide generation system for the decontamination of buildings contaminated with Bacillus anthracis. J. Hazard. Mater., 164(2-3):1460–1467. [doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.062]
Zuo, J.L., Cui, F.Y., Lin, T., 2006. Study of removal effect on Mesocyclops leukarti with oxidants. J. Zhejiang Univ.-Sci. B, 7(3):171–179. [doi:10.1631/jzus.2006.B0171]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Project supported by the National Key Science and Technology Specific Project for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases in China (No. 2009ZX10004-709) and the National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11th Five-Year Plan of China (No. 2008BAI62B01)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Li, Yj., Zhu, N., Jia, Hq. et al. Decontamination of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores on selected surfaces by chlorine dioxide gas. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 13, 254–260 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1100289
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1100289