Abstract
Improving the freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymers is of great significance to ensure their durability in cold regions. This study presents an experimental investigation of optimal slag content for geopolymer composites under freeze-thaw cycles with different freezing temperatures. Firstly, five kinds of geopolymer composites with 10.0%, 20.0%, 30.0%, 40.0%, and 50.0% slag contents and 1.0% fiber content were prepared. Freeze-thaw cycle tests at −1.0 ℃, −20.0 ℃, and −40.0 ℃ were carried out for these geopolymer composites and their physical and mechanical properties after the freeze-thaw cycle were tested. The results show that the porosity of the geopolymer composites decreases as the slag content increases. Their mass loss ratio and strength loss ratio increase gradually as the freezing temperature decreases. The mass loss ratio and strength loss ratio of geopolymer composites after freeze-thaw cycles all decrease as the slag content increases. Considering the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymers after freeze-thaw cycles, the optimal slag contents are 40.0% and 50.0%.
摘要
目的
提高地聚物的抗冻融循环性能对确保地聚物在寒区中的耐久性具有重要意义。本文旨在研究冻结温度对矿渣改性的偏高岭土基地聚物物理和力学性能的影响,以期为地聚物在寒区中的实际应用和耐久性评估提供参考。
创新点
提出了冻融循环条件下地聚物复合材料的最佳矿渣含量;2. 发现矿渣的掺入可以抑制地聚物在寒冷环境中的开裂,提高地聚物复合材料的抗冻融性。
方法
制备不同矿渣的纤维增强聚合物并对其开展三种冻结温度的冻融循环试验;2. 分析不同矿渣的纤维增强聚合物的孔隙结构特性;3. 分析冻融循环后不同矿渣的纤维增强聚合物的物理力学性能;4. 提出冻融循环作用下地聚物复合材料的最佳矿渣含量。
结论
随着矿渣含量的增加,地聚物复合材料的孔隙率降低,且凝胶孔和过渡孔均逐渐减小;2. 冻融循环后,地聚物复合材料中的裂缝宽度和数量都随着矿渣含量的增加而减少,表明矿渣的掺入可以抑制地聚物在寒冷环境中的开裂;3. 矿渣的掺入可以显著降低地聚物复合材料在冻融循环后的质量损失率和强度损失率,进而提高地聚物复合材料的抗冻融性;4. 40.0%和50.0%矿渣含量的地聚物复合材料在冻融循环后仍能保持较高的力学性能。
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2008. Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing, ASTM C666. ASTM.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2013a. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Speimens), ASTM C109. ASTM.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), 2013b. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw of Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM C618. ASTM.
Chen CH, Zhu PH, Wu JY, et al., 2014. Research on frost resistance of recycled high performance concrete. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 584-586:1456–1460. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.584-586.1456
Du T, Zhou B, Liu B, et al., 2022. The influence of oppositeside high temperature on the frozen behavior of containment concrete under single-side salt freeze-thaw method. Structures, 36:854–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.12.063
Duxson P, Fernández-Jiménez A, Provis JL, et al., 2007a. Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art. Journal of Materials Science, 42(9):2917–2933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0637-z
Duxson P, Provis JL, Lukey GC, et al., 2007b. The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete‘. Cement and Concrete Research, 37(12):1590–1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.018
El-Hassan H, Ismail N, 2018. Effect of process parameters on the performance of fly ash/GGBS blended geopolymer composites. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 7(2):122–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2017.1411296
Fan LF, Zhong WL, Zhang YH, 2022. Effect of the composition and concentration of geopolymer pore solution on the passivation characteristics of reinforcement. Construction and Building Materials, 319:126128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126128
Fu YW, Cai LC, Cai YG, 2011. Freeze-thaw cycle test and damage mechanics models of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(7):3144–3148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.006
Gencel O, Benli A, Bayraktar OY, et al., 2021. Effect of waste marble powder and rice husk ash on the microstructural, physico-mechanical and transport properties of foam concretes exposed to high temperatures and freeze-thaw cycles. Construction and Building Materials, 291:123374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123374
Jacobsen S, Soether DH, Sellevold EJ, 1997. Frost testing of high strength concrete: frost/salt scaling at different cooling rates. Materials and Structures, 30(1):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02498738
Jiao ZZ, Li XY, Yu QL, 2021. Effect of curing conditions on freeze-thaw resistance of geopolymer mortars containing various calcium resources. Construction and Building Materials, 323:125507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125507
Liu L, He Z, Cai XH, et al., 2021. Application of low-field NMR to the pore structure of concrete. Applied Magnetic Resonance, 52(1):15–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-020-01229-7
Luukkonen T, Abdollahnejad Z, Yliniemi J, et al., 2018. Comparison of alkali and silica sources in one-part alkali-activated blast furnace slag mortar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.202
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development), 2009. Standard for Test Methods of Long-Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete, GB/T 50082-2009. National Standards of the People's Republic of China.
Nasvi MCM, Ranjith PG, Sanjayan J, 2013. The permeability of geopolymer at down-hole stress conditions: application for carbon dioxide sequestration wells. Applied Energy, 102:1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.004
Parbhoo B, Nagy O, 1988. Molecular dynamics in hydrogen bond forming environments. The role of hydrophilichydrophobic interactions in pyridine-water mixtures. Journal of Molecular Structure, 177:393–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2860(88)80104-2
Rashad AM, Sadek DM, 2020. Behavior of alkali-activated slag pastes blended with waste rubber powder under the effect of freeze/thaw cycles and severe sulfate attack. Construction and Building Materials, 265:120716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120716
Richardson A, Coventry K, Edmondson V, et al., 2016. Crumb rubber used in concrete to provide freeze-thaw protection (optimal particle size). Journal of Cleaner Production, 112:599–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.028
Sahin F, Uysal M, Canpolat O, et al., 2021. The effect of polyvinyl fibers on metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars with different aggregate filling. Construction and Building Materials, 300:124257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124257
Sahin Y, Akkaya Y, Tasdemir MA, 2021. Effects of freezing conditions on the frost resistance and microstructure of concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 270:121458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121458
Shahrajabian F, Behfarnia K, 2018. The effects of nano particles on freeze and thaw resistance of alkali-activated slag concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 176:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.033
Tian LY, He DP, Zhao JN, et al., 2021. Durability of geopolymers and geopolymer concretes: a review. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 60(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2021-0002
Wang RJ, Hu ZY, Li Y, et al., 2022. Review on the deterioration and approaches to enhance the durability of concrete in the freeze-thaw environment. Construction and Building Materials, 321:126371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126371
Xie JH, Zhao JB, Wang JJ, et al., 2019. Sulfate resistance of recycled aggregate concrete with GGBS and fly ash-based geopolymer. Materials, 12(8):1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081247
Yang MJ, Paudel SR, Asa E, 2020. Comparison of pore structure in alkali activated fly ash geopolymer and ordinary concrete due to alkali-silica reaction using micro-computed tomography. Construction and Building Materials, 236: 117524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117524
Yuan Y, Zhao RD, Li R, et al., 2020. Frost resistance of fiberreinforced blended slag and Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete under the coupling effect of freeze-thaw cycling and axial compressive loading. Construction and Building Materials, 250:118831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118831
Zhang A, Yang WC, Ge Y, et al., 2020. Study on the hydration and moisture transport of white cement containing nanomaterials by using low field nuclear magnetic resonance. Construction and Building Materials, 249:118788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118788
Zhang BF, Feng Y, Xie JH, et al., 2021. Rubberized geopolymer concrete: dependence of mechanical properties and freeze-thaw resistance on replacement ratio of crumb rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 310:125248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125248
Zhong WL, Fan LF, Zhang YH, 2022a. Experimental research on the dynamic compressive properties of lightweight slag based geopolymer. Ceramics International, 48:20426–20437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.03.328
Zhong WL, Zhang YH, Fan LF, et al., 2022b. Effect of PDMS content on waterproofing and mechanical properties of geopolymer composites. Ceramics International, 48:26248–26257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.05.306
Zhang P, Wang KX, Li QF, et al., 2020. Fabrication and engineering properties of concretes based on geopolymers/alkali-activated binders-a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258:120896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120896
Zhao MX, Zhang GP, Htet KW, et al., 2019. Freeze-thaw durability of red mud slurry-Class F fly ash-based geopolymer: effect of curing conditions. Construction and Building Materials, 215:381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.235
Zhao RD, Yuan Y, Cheng ZQ, et al., 2019. Freeze-thaw resistance of Class F fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 222:474–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.166
Zhu HJ, Zhai MN, Liang GW, et al., 2021. Experimental study on the freezing resistance and microstructure of alkaliactivated slag in the presence of rice husk ash. Journal of Building Engineering, 38:102173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102173
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51627812).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Lifeng FAN designed the research. Lifeng FAN and Yan XI processed the corresponding data. Guang WANG wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Guang WANG and Weiliang ZHONG helped to organize the manuscript. Lifeng FAN and Weiliang ZHONG revised and edited the final version.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Electronic supplementary materials
Figs. S1–S3
Conflict of interest
Lifeng FAN, Weiliang ZHONG, Guang WANG, and Yan XI declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary materials
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fan, L., Zhong, W., Wang, G. et al. Optimal slag content for geopolymer composites under freeze-thaw cycles with different freezing temperatures. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 24, 366–376 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200437
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200437