Abstract
Suffusion in gap-graded soil involves selective erosion of fine particles through the pores formed by coarse particles under seepage forces. As the fines content (FC) decreases, the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the soil will change, posing a huge threat to engineering safety. In this study, we first conduct a series of experimental tests of suffusion by using gap-graded soils and then analyze the evolution process of suffusion and the effect of the hydraulic gradient. Subsequently, according to the physical model, a discrete element method (DEM) numerical model with dynamic fluid mesh (DFM) is developed to extend the experimental study to the pore scale. Our results reveal the migration process of fines and the formation of erosion zones. A parametric study is then conducted to investigate the effect of the hydraulic gradient, FC, and K0 pressure (which limits the lateral displacement of the sample and applies vertical pressure) on eroded weight. The results show that the eroded weight increases with the increase of the hydraulic gradient and FC but decreases with the increase of K0 pressure.
Abstract
目的
目前,潜蚀过程并不能被直接观察到。本研究期望采用透明仪器直接观察潜蚀的演化过程,探讨K0应力状态下间断级配土的潜蚀过程。
创新点
1. 研制出一个透明潜蚀仪器,可直接观测间断级配土的潜蚀过程;2. 建立数值模型,扩展试验参数,在颗粒尺度上解释潜蚀规律。
方法
1. 采用透明的潜蚀仪器,直接观测间断级配土的潜蚀过程,并记录潜蚀质量;2. 通过离散元数值模拟的方法,在颗粒尺度上揭示颗粒的迁移规律。
结论
1. 随着侵蚀的进行,试样内部形成侵蚀带并逐渐扩大;从力链分析可知,细颗粒在水流作用下逐渐堆积在粗颗粒形成的孔隙中,并被粗颗粒堵塞。2. 当侵蚀和阻塞区形成时,流速也逐渐局部化;在侵蚀区,孔隙度增大,流速普遍较快,但在阻塞区,流速较慢。3. 参数分析表明,最终潜蚀重量与水力梯度呈正相关关系,且潜蚀重量随K0压力的增大而减小;随着细粉含量的增加,潜蚀重量增加。
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmadi M, Shire T, Mehdizadeh A, et al., 2020. DEM modelling to assess internal stability of gap-graded assemblies of spherical particles under various relative densities, fine contents and gap ratios. Computers and Geotechnics, 126:103710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103710
Bendahmane F, Marot D, Alexis A, 2008. Experimental parametric study of suffusion and backward erosion. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(1):57–67. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2008)134:1(57)
Chang DS, 2012. Internal Erosion and Overtopping Erosion of Earth Dams and Landslide Dams. PhD Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
Chang DS, Zhang LM, 2011. A stress-controlled erosion apparatus for studying internal erosion in soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 34(6):GTJ103889. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ103889
Chang DS, Zhang LM, 2013. Critical hydraulic gradients of internal erosion under complex stress states. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(9): 1454–1467. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000871
Chen C, Zhang LM, Chang DS, 2016. Stress-strain behavior of granular soils subjected to internal erosion. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 142(12): 06016014. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001561
Cheng K, Wang Y, Yang Q, 2018. A semi-resolved CFD-DEM model for seepage-induced fine particle migration in gap-graded soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 100:30–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.04.004
Golay F, Bonelli S, 2011. Numerical modeling of suffusion as an interfacial erosion process. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 15(8): 1225–1241. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2011.9714850
Hu Z, Zhang YD, Yang ZX, 2019. Suffusion-induced deformation and microstructural change of granular soils: a coupled CFD—DEM study. Acta Geotechnica, 14(3):795–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-019-00789-8
Huang Z, Bai YC, Xu HJ, et al., 2021. A theoretical model to predict suffusion-induced particle movement in cohesionless soil under seepage flow. European Journal of Soil Science, 72(3):1395–1409. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13062
Hunter RP, Bowman ET, 2018. Visualisation of seepage-induced suffusion and suffosion within internally erodible granular media. Géotechnique, 68(10):918–930. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.R161
Itasca Consulting Group Inc., 2015. PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions), Version 5.0. Itasca Consulting Group Inc., Minneapolis, USA.
Ji SM, Ge JQ, Tan DP, 2017. Wall contact effects of particle-wall collision process in a two-phase particle fluid. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 18(12):958–973. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1700039
Jin Z, Lu Z, Yang Y, 2021. Numerical analysis of column collapse by smoothed particle hydrodynamics with an advanced critical state-based model. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 22(11):882–893. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2000598
Ke L, Takahashi A, 2014. Experimental investigations on suffusion characteristics and its mechanical consequences on saturated cohesionless soil. Soils and Foundations, 54(4):713–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.06.024
Ke L, Takahashi A, 2015. Drained monotonic responses of suffusional cohesionless soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141(8):04015033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001327
Kenney TC, Lau D, 1985. Internal stability of granular filters. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 22(2):215–225. https://doi.org/10.1139/t85-029
Liu Q, Zhao B, Santamarina JC, 2019. Particle migration and clogging in porous media: a convergent flow microfluidics study. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124(9):9495–9504. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017813
Liu YJ, Wang LZ, Hong Y, et al., 2020. A coupled CFD-DEM investigation of suffusion of gap graded soil: coupling effect of confining pressure and fines content. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 44(18):2473–2500. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.3151
Luo YL, Qiao L, Liu XX, et al., 2013. Hydro-mechanical experiments on suffusion under long-term large hydraulic heads. Natural Hazards, 65(3):1361–1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0415-y
Marot D, Le VD, Garnier J, et al., 2012. Study of scale effect in an internal erosion mechanism: centrifuge model and energy analysis. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 16(1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2012.667203
Moffat R, Fannin RJ, 2011. A hydromechanical relation governing internal stability of cohesionless soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(3):413–424. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-070
Moffat R, Fannin RJ, Garner SJ, 2011. Spatial and temporal progression of internal erosion in cohesionless soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(3):399–412. https://doi.org/10.1139/T10-071
Nardelli V, Coop MR, Andrade JE, et al., 2017. An experimental investigation of the micromechanics of Eglin sand. Powder Technology, 312:166–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.009
Rochim A, Marot D, Sibille L, et al., 2017. Effects of hydraulic loading history on suffusion susceptibility of cohesionless soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 143(7):04017025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001673
Shire T, O’Sullivan C, 2013. Micromechanical assessment of an internal stability criterion. Acta Geotechnica, 8(1):81–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0176-5
Shire T, O’Sullivan C, Hanley KJ, et al., 2014. Fabric and effective stress distribution in internally unstable soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(12):04014072. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001184
Silpa-Anan C, Hartley R, 2008. Optimised KD-trees for fast image descriptor matching. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition, p.1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2008.4587638
Tang Y, Yao XY, Chen YN, et al., 2020. Experiment research on physical clogging mechanism in the porous media and its impact on permeability. Granular Matter, 22(2): 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-020-1001-8
Tao R, Yang MM, Li SQ, 2018. Filtration of micro-particles within multi-fiber arrays by adhesive DEM-CFD simulation. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 19(1):34–44. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1700156
Wan CF, Fell R, 2008. Assessing the potential of internal instability and suffusion in embankment dams and their foundations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(3):401–407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2008)134:3(401)
Wang P, Ge Y, Wang T, et al., 2022a. CFD-DEM modelling of suffusion in multi-layer soils with different fines contents and impermeable zones. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), in press. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200108
Wang P, Yin ZY, Wang ZY, 2022b. Micromechanical investigation of particle-size effect of granular materials in biaxial test with the role of particle breakage. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 148(1):04021133. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0002039
Wen MJ, Wang KH, Wu WB, et al., 2021. Dynamic response of bilayered saturated porous media based on fractional thermoelastic theory. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 22(12):992–1004. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2100084
Yang J, Yin ZY, Laouafa F, et al., 2019. Analysis of suffusion in cohesionless soils with randomly distributed porosity and fines content. Computers and Geotechnics, 111:157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.011
Yin ZY, Jin YF, Zhang X, 2021. Large deformation analysis in geohazards and geotechnics. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 22(11): 851–855. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A21LDGG1
Zhang FS, Li ML, Peng M, et al., 2019. Three-dimensional DEM modeling of the stress—strain behavior for the gap-graded soils subjected to internal erosion. Acta Geotechnica, 14(2):487–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0655-4
Zhang FS, Wang T, Liu F, et al., 2020. Modeling of fluid-particle interaction by coupling the discrete element method with a dynamic fluid mesh: implications to suffusion in gap-graded soils. Computers and Geotechnics, 124:103617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103617
Zhang FS, Wang T, Liu F, et al., 2022. Hydro-mechanical coupled analysis of near-wellbore fines migration from unconsolidated reservoirs. Acta Geotechnica, 17(8):3535–3551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01396-2
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020YFC1808102) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42077247 and 42002271).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Feng-shou ZHANG and Tuo WANG designed the research. Tuo WANG processed the corresponding data. Tuo WANG wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Pei WANG helped to organize the manuscript. Feng-shou ZHANG revised and edited the final version.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Conflict of interest
Tuo WANG, Feng-shou ZHANG, and Pei WANG declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary materials
Sections S1 and S2
Electronic Supplementary Material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, T., Zhang, Fs. & Wang, P. Experimental and numerical study of seepage-induced suffusion under K0 stress state. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 24, 319–331 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200198
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2200198