Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics and origins of a typical heavy haze episode in Baotou, China: implications for the spatial distribution of industrial sources

包头市重灰霾特征分析及对重工业布局的启示

  • Published:
Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Air pollution has become the predominant environmental problem caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization in China. In this study, measurements of the concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 at six monitoring stations in Baotou, China were used to investigate the characteristics of heavy haze pollution in Dec. 12–25, 2013. Source locations of PM2.5 in Baotou were identified using satellite remote sensing data, an air mass trajectory model, and a conditional probability function (CPF). The results showed that the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were (113.8±84.0) μg/m3 and (211.1±149.2) μg/m3, respectively. The similar trends in temporal variation of the air pollutants PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO suggested they may share common sources. The results of satellite observations and backward trajectories supported the hypothesis that the pollutants causing the haze event originated mainly from local anthropogenic sources. According to the CPF analysis, low-speed winds from the south and southwest, upwind industrial emissions, and the northern mountains were mainly responsible for the formation of haze in Baotou. The study provides some insights to help governments optimize industrial layouts for improving air quality in the future.

摘要

目的

工业排放是大气中PM2.5 的重要来源,是灰霾形成 的主要贡献者之一。通过分析包头市一次典型灰 霾时段的污染来源及特征,研究本地工业布局在 此次灰霾时段对灰霾形成的影响,并讨论城市工 业布局的合理性。

创新点

针对我国典型重工业城市包头市进行案例分析, 研究本地城区灰霾形成的原因及重工业布局对 灰霾形成的影响,并为合理布局工业提供了新的 启示。

方法

1. 结合污染物观测数据、卫星遥感数据及后向轨 迹模式的结果,揭示此次重灰霾发生时段的污染 特征,找出此次重灰霾的主要来源。2. 采用风向 条件概率函数研究城区高浓度PM2.5 与本地重工 业布局间的关系。

结论

1. 在此次重灰霾时段,PM2.5 浓度的变化趋势与其 他污染物相似,说明污染主要来自人为源,且在 同样发生重灰霾的情况下,PM2.5 占PM10 的比例 较其他沿海城市低,说明粗颗粒物对包头PM10 污染的贡献较其他城市大。2. 结合卫星遥感数据 与后向轨迹模式的结果,可以排除外来污染物的 输入,并断定形成此次重灰霾的主要原因为本地 人为源。3. 风向条件概率函数分析结果显示本地 重工业分布以及低风速的西南风(非盛行风)是 造成此次重灰霾发生的主要原因。4. 揭示了包头 市在布局重工业或进行高强度的工业活动时不能 只考虑避开盛行风,因为出现次数不多的低风速 非盛行风同样会引起重灰霾的爆发;这可为包头 市乃至其他工业城市在进一步调整工业布局时提 供参考。

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ashbaugh, L.L., Malm, W.C., Sadeh, W.D., 1985. A residence time probability analysis of sulfur concentrations at Grand Canyon National Park. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 19(8):1263–1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(85)90256-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, C.K., Yao, X., 2008. Air pollution in mega cities in China. Atmospheric Environment, 42(1):1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, L., Pryor, S.C., Li, D.L., 2012. Assessing the performance of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR5 climate models in simulating and projecting wind speeds over China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D24):106–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, I., Zhang, L., Blanchard, P., et al., 2013. Concentration-weighted trajectory approach to identifying sources of speciated atmospheric mercury at an urban coastal site in Nova Scotia, Canada. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 13:6031–6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6031-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, X.J., Yan, X.J., Zhang, Y.X., et al., 2000. An investigation into the effect of air pollution on resident’s health in Baotou city. Research of Environmental Sciences, 13(4):62–64 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dockery, D.W., Pope, C.A., 1994. Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annual Review of Public Health, 15(1):107–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engelcox, J.A., Hoff, R.M., Haymet, A.D.J., 2004. Recommendations on the use of satellite remote-sensing data for urban air quality. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54(11):1360–1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10471005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, S., Pan, X.S., Madaniyazi, L., et al., 2014. Source apportion of atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 in Donghe District of Baotou. Journal of Environmental Hygiene, 4(1): 69–72 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, R.J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., et al., 2014. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature, 514(7521):218–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13774

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnae, S., John, K., 2013. Sources affecting PM2.5 concentrations at a rural semi-arid coastal site in South Texas. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4:152–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.41018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, E., Hopke, P.K., 2004. Source apportionment of fine particles in Washington, DC, utilizing temperatureresolved carbon fractions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 54(7):773–785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10470948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lan, X.J., 2011. Analysis on the Characteristics of Air Quality and Pollution Controlling Methods in Baotou City. MS Thesis, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, G., Li, J., Wu, D., et al., 2015. Chemical composition and source apportionment of the ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China. Particuology, 18:135–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.03.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, N., Yu, Y., He, J., et al., 2013. Integrated modeling of urban-scale pollutant transport: application in a semi-arid urban valley, Northwestern China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(3):306–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X.G., Li, J., Qu, Y., et al., 2013. Formation and evolution mechanism of regional haze: a case study in the megacity Beijing, China. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 13(9): 4501–4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4501-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X., 2004. Theory and Method of Environmental Planning. Chemical Industry Press, Beijing, China, p.23–54 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mao, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, L., 2006. Fuzzy pattern recognition method for assessing groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the Zhangji area. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 7(11):1917–1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.A1917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, M.S., Lee, T.J., Kim, D.S., 2011. Quantitative source apportionment of size-segregated particulate matter at urbanized local site in Korea. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 11(3):247–264. http://dx.doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2010.11.0099

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, C.A., Thun, M.J., Namboodiri, M.M., et al., 1995. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 151(3Pt1):669–674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_Pt_1.669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seinfeld, J.H., 1989. Urban air pollution: state of the science. Science, 243(4892):745–752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4892.745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shao, M., Tang, X.Y., Zhang, Y.H., et al., 2006. City clusters in China: air and surface water pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(7):353–361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0353:CC ICAA]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, G.F., Yuan, S.Y., Xie, Y.N., et al., 2014. Ambient levels and temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 at a residential site in the mega-city, Nanjing, in the western Yangtze River Delta, China. Journal of Environmental Science & Health Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 49(2):171–178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.838851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, Y., Tang, X.Y., Xie, S.D., et al., 2007. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing in 2004. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146(1-2):124–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J., Duan, J., He, K., et al., 2009. Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(6):774–781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62340-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, M., Chen, L., Su, L., et al., 2012. Satellite observation of regional haze pollution over the North China Plain. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D12): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, F., Chen, D.S., Cheng, S.Y., et al., 2010. Identification of regional atmospheric PM10 transport pathways using HYSPLIT, MM5-CMAQ and synoptic pressure pattern analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25(8): 927–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Zhu, B., Zhang, Z., et al., 2015. Mixing state of individual carbonaceous particles during a severe haze episode in January 2013, Nanjing, China. Particuology, 20:16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J., Hu, Z.M., Chen, Y.Y., et al., 2013. Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai, China. Atmospheric Environment, 68(2):221–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X.H., Bi, X.H., Sheng, G.Y., et al., 2006. Chemical composition and sources of PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in Guangzhou, China. Environmental Monitoring & Assessment, 119(1-3):425–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9034-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.Q., Zhang, X.Y., Arimoto, R., 2006. The contribution from distant dust sources to the atmospheric particulate matter loadings at Xi’an, China during spring. Science of the Total Environment, 368(2-3):875–883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J.G., Chen, L.W.A., Chow, J.C., et al., 2008. Source apportionment: findings from the U.S. supersites program. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 58(2):265–288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.58.2.265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiao, C., Zhang, G., Huang, D., et al., 2012. Preliminary study on air pollution source identification in Xinzhen, Beijing, using NAA and PIXE. Journal of Radioanalytical & Nuclear Chemistry, 291(1):95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-011-1307-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, J., Peng, Z., Lu, S., et al., 2006. Removal of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incineration by entrainedflow adsorption technology. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 7(11):1896–1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.A1896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan, R.C., Yu, S.C., Zhang, Q.Y., et al., 2015. A heavy haze episode in Beijing in February of 2014: characteristics, origins and implications. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(5):867–876. http://dx.doi.org/10.5094/APR.2015.096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, S.C., Mathur, R., Pleim, J., et al., 2014a. Aerosol indirect effect on the grid-scale clouds in the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ: model description, development, evaluation and regional analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14:11247–11285. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-11247-2014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, S.C., Alapaty, K., Mathur, R., et al., 2014b. Attribution of the United States “warming hole”: aerosol indirect effect and precipitable water vapor. Scientific Reports, 4:6929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, S.C., Zhang, Q.Y., Yan, R.C., et al., 2014c. Origin of air pollution during a weekly heavy haze episode in Hangzhou, China. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 12(4): 543–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-014-0483-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B.S., Zhang, W.T., 2014. Source apportionment of PM2.5 in ambient air of Baotou. Environmental Engineering, 4:71–74. (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q.Y., Sun, G.J., Tian, W.L., et al., 2011. Mortality weighting-based method for aggregate urban air risk assessment. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 12(9):702–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A11b0043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R., Jing, J., Tao, J., et al., 2013. Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing: seasonal perspective. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 13(14):7053–7074. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7053-2013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y.L., Cao, F., 2015. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China at a city level. Scientific Reports, 5:14884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep14884

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Bi-xin Chen, Wei-dong Yang & Qing-yu Zhang

  2. Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China

    Si Wang & Ren-chang Yan

  3. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China

    Xuan Chen

Authors
  1. Bi-xin Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Si Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wei-dong Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ren-chang Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xuan Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Qing-yu Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qing-yu Zhang.

Additional information

Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21577125)

ORCID: Bi-xin CHEN, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8294-5643; Qing-yu ZHANG, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-1869

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Bx., Wang, S., Yang, Wd. et al. Characteristics and origins of a typical heavy haze episode in Baotou, China: implications for the spatial distribution of industrial sources. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. A 18, 151–162 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1500284

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1500284

Key words

CLC number

关键词

Search

Navigation